【 – 高中作文】
【篇一】高中英语语法全解
高考英语语法全解
高考英语语法全解-概说
第一章 概 说
一、语法的内容
任何一种语言都有它本身构成的规律。语法就是论述语言构成的基本规律的。也就是说,把一种语言在词的变化和用词造句方面的一些基本共同点综合起来,概括成若干规律和规则加以论述,这就叫做语法(Grammar)。
英语语法是论述英语词性和用词造句规律的基础知识。学语法是为了掌握语言,不能为学语法而学语法。掌握了语法规则不等于学会了语法,语法的学习不能脱离语言的全面实践,必须通过大量的听、说、读、写、译等实践活动,才能学会准确而熟练地运用这种语言。
英语语法包括两大部分:一部分叫词法(Morphology),是研究词、词形变化及其用法的,如名词的数、格,动词的时态、语态等,都属于词法的范围;另一部分叫句法(Syntax) ,是研究句子和句子结构的,如构成一个句子的各种成分、语序以及句子的种类等,都属于句法的范围。这两部分讲的内容和侧重点不同,但二者有极密切的关系,是构成一个语言整体的两个不可或缺的有机组成部分。
二、词类
语言是由一个一个单词所组成的。词(Words)是语言中能表达一定意义又能自由运用的最小单位。有的词表示名称,有的词表示动作,有的词表示性质、状态,各有各的不同的功用和特征。把所用的词分成若干类,就叫做词类(Parts of Speech)。英语的词,根据它们的意义和特征,一般分为十类,列表如下: 词 类 英语名
称 作 用 例 词 名 词 Nouns(n.) 表示人或事物的名
称 worker, book
形容词 Adjectives(adj.) 表示人或事物的特
征 strong, old
数 词 Numerals(num.) 表示数目或顺
序 eight, second
代 词 Pronouns(pron.) 代表名词、数词
等 they, many
动 词 Verbs(v.) 表示动作或状
态 think, catch
副 词 Adverbs(adv.) 表示动作特征或性状特
征 bravely, carefully
冠 词 Articles(art.) 用在名词前,帮助说明其意
义 a, an, the
介 词 Prepositions(prep.) 用在名词、代词等前面,说明它与别的词之间的关系 at, from, by, about
连 词 Conjunctions(conj.) 用来连接词与词或句与
句 and, if, when, as
感叹词 Interjections(interj.) 表示说话时的感情或口
气 oh, ah
名词、形容词、数词、代词、动词和副词可以在句子中独立担当成分(如名词可作主语、宾语等,动词可作谓语等),称为实义词(Notional Words)。介词、连词和冠词都不能在句子中独立担当任何成分,称为虚词(Form Words)。
感叹词一般不构成句子的一部分,可以看作特殊的一类。除了这十类之外,还有表示肯定与否定的词yes和no,还有动词不定式前的小品词to。在句子中,大多数的实义词是重读的(有些代词、系动词、助动词和情态动词,如
he,their,will,is,can等,在多数情况下不重读),而虚词一般都不重读。 英语的词,有些是要根据它们在句中的作用,根据词义来断定它们是属于哪个词类的。同样一个词,在不同场合下有时可以用作不同词类。
drink Granny told me not to drink cool water.奶奶叫我不要喝凉水。(作动词)
We should die without food and drink.我们没有饮食就活不了。(作名词)
since She has been ill since last Sunday.从上星期日以来,她一直在生病。(作介词)
What have you done since I saw you last?自从我上次看到你以来,你做什么了?(作连词)
Jack went away two years ago and we have not seen him since. 杰克两年前就走了,从那以后,我们再也没见过他。(作副词)
round She wants a round plate. 她想要一个圆盘子。(作形容词)
He turned round and went back again.他掉转头又回去了。(作副词) The postman starts his round at 8 o'clock.邮递员八点开始投递信件。(作名词)
The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转动。(作介词)
三、句子成分
由词或短语构成的能表达一个比较完整意思的语言单位,叫做句子(Sentence)。 构成句子的词和短语根据它们在句子中的作用可分为若干句子成分(Members of the Sentence)。
一个句子要表达一个比较完整的意思,通常必须要有主语(Subject)和谓语(Predicate)两个主要部分。
主语表明句子中说的是谁或是什么。
谓语是用来说明主语做什么、是什么或怎么样的。谓语中不可缺少的部分是动词,通常叫谓语动词(Predicate Verb)。谓语动词主要由动词或动词短语担任,有时也可由系动词加一个形容词或名词(或起同样作用的其他词类、短语或从句)担任。在后一种情况中,用来与系动词合成谓语的成分,叫做表语(Predicative) 也有人叫做主语补足语(Subject Complement)。除了主语和谓语,句子有时还有
其他成分。如宾语(Object)、定语(Attribute)和状语(Adverbial Modifier)。 宾语一般用在及物动词后面,表示行为对象或结果。介词后面的名词或代词,叫做介词的宾语。
定语是用来修饰或限制名词或代词。
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
四、词类和句子成分的关系
在句子里,一定的句子成分由一定的词类来担任。现将哪些句子成分通常由哪些词类来担任列述如下:
1、主语
通常由名词和代词来担任。此外,数词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可以用作主语。
The teacher told us an interesting story.老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。(名词)
We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。(代词)
Four and five is nine. 四加五等于九。(数词)
Walking is good exercise.走路是很好的运动。(动词的-ing形式) To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(动词不定式)
What you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的练习。(从句)
2、谓语
由动词担任。动词分为实义动词和系动词。
We read English every morning.我们每天早晨读英语。(实义动词) His brother is a doctor.他哥哥是医生。(系动词)
Mr. Smith became angry.史密斯先生生气了。(系动词)
3、宾语
通常由名词和代词担任。此外,数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)、宾语从句也可以用作宾语。
Have you finished the exercise?你做完练习了吗?(名词作宾语)
Lei Feng always thought of others.雷锋总是想着别人。(代词作介词宾语) She tore the cloth in three. 她把布撕成三块(名词作动词的宾语;数词作介词的宾语)
She doesn't allow smoking in her house.她不允许在她的房子里抽烟。(动词的-ing形式)
You should continue to learn as long as you live.要活到老学到老。(不定式作宾语)
I don't know when he will come.我不知道他什么时候来。(宾语从句作宾语) 有些动词可以有两个宾语:直接宾语(Direct Object)与间接宾语(Indirect Object)。直接宾语通常出现在间接宾语之后。间接宾语一般是代表人的,直接宾语一般是代表事物的。
He gave the little girl a toy. =He gave a toy to the little girl. 他给这个小女孩一个玩具。
I bought Mary a new book = I bought a new book for Mary. 我给玛丽买了一本书。
4、定语
主要由形容词担任。此外,名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式(短语)、分词和定语从句等都可用作定语。
His words moved everyone present. 他的话使在场的人都很感动。(形容词修饰不定代词,要放在其后)
This is a stone bridge. 这是一座石桥。(名词作定语)
His father is our maths teacher. 他爸爸是我们的数学老师。(代词作定语) We belong to the third world. 我们属于第三世界。(数词作定语) They should have told us if there was anything up.
要是出了什么事,他们是应当告诉我们的。(副词作定语)
Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science. 这位科学家昨天给我们作了有关现代科学的报告。(介词短语作定语)
Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么要说的吗?(不定式作定语) Do you know the number of books ordered by the library.你知道图书馆定购了多少本书吗?(动词的-ed形式作定语)
Barking dogs seldom bite. 爱叫的狗很少咬人。(动词的-ing形式作定语) He is a man whom we should all learn from. 他是一个大家都应学习的人。(定语从句作定语)
5、状语
主要由副词担任。此外,形容词、介词短语、名词词组、动词不定式短语、分词短语及状语从句都可用作状语。
There is no post office around.附近没有邮局。(副词)
They all rushed over, eager to help.他们都跑了过来,急于要帮忙。(形容词)
We learn to swim by swimming. 我们通过游泳学游泳。(介词)
I shall stay another five months. 我将再呆五个月。(名词词组)
I found her very pleasant to talk to. 我发现和她谈话很有意思。(动词不定式)
She doesn't like to sit there doing nothing.她不愿意什么也不干闲坐在那里。(动词的-ing形式短语)
He returned us the papers uncorrected.他把我们的作业没改就发还了。(动词的-ed形式短语)
Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.不管在哪里我都会想到你。(地点状语从句)
I'll let you know as soon as it is arranged.等安排好我就通知你。(时间状语从句)
They will go to work on the farm if it is fine tomorrow.
如果明天天气好的话,他们就到农场干活。(条件状语从句)
五、巩固练习:
I.给下列各题分别选出一个正确答案
1.We all work hard at English.
A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语
2.Betty likes her new bike.
A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语
3.Her sister is a nurse.
A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语
4.Were you at home last night?
A.主语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
5.Winter is the coldest season of the year.
A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
6.He often walks in the park.
A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
7.John asked me to help him.
A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
8.He gave me some ink.
A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补
9.His parents are doctors.
A.宾语 B. 表语 C.谓语 D. 定语
10.I’ll get you some tea now.
A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补
II.说出下列句子斜体部分的成分
1. Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
2. What he did made us greatly satisfied.
3. The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
4. To build a public library is important.
5. The job is not so easy as you imagine.
答案:I. 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.B
II. 1.定语,表语 2.状语,宾补 3.宾补 4.主语 5.状语
第二章 名词
一、概述
表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念的名称的词叫做名词。名词是任何事物的名称。名词在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语、定语以及状语等。名词的主要难点是:可数与不可数的概念,名词复数词尾的变化和领属关系的表达。 student 学生 chair 椅子 Hong Kong 香港 business 生意 state 州 communist共产者
time 时间 beauty 美 happiness 幸福
二、名词的种类
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1、专有名词(proper noun)
专有名词是个别人、地方、团体或事物的名称。
Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕·林肯 London 伦
敦 Canada 加拿大
the United States of America 美利坚合众国 the Great Hall of the People 人民大会堂
注意:专有名词的实词部要大写词首字母。
【篇二】高中英语语法全解
高中英语语法全解-倒装
第十三章 倒 装
英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”,如果将谓语的一部分或全部放在主语之前,这种语序叫倒装。倒装既是一种语法手段,也是一种修辞手段,用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。
一. 倒装的原因
A. 语法倒装
由于语法结构的需要,将谓语的全部或一部分移到主语之前。
1. 一般疑问句
当我们把一个肯定句转变为疑问句时,常把肯定句中的助动词或情态动词放在句首。这类助动词或情态动词包括:be, have, can, do, shall, will, may, must, dare, need, ought或 used 等。
He will do it.
——Will he do it 他会做这件事吗?
This is my mobile phone number.
——Is this your mobile phone number? 这是你的手机号码吗?
提示:
如果肯定句中没有助动词或情态动词时, 我们可以在句首用do 的某种形式,以构成倒装语序。
Jack likes to eat fish. 杰克喜欢吃鱼。
——Does Jack like to eat fish 杰克喜欢吃鱼吗?
2. 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句的构成:特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
What does he like to eat 他喜欢吃什么?
When will they go to the Great Wall 他们什么时候去长城?
昨晚你去哪里了?
今晚谁不来吃饭?
3. 反意问句
在反意问句中,用一般疑问句的形式,前后两分句的主语,人称要一致。前一分句是肯定,反意问句用否定形式,并一定要缩写;前一分句是否定, 反意问句用肯定形式。
Everything is ready, isn't it 一切都准备好了,是吗?
Bobbie seldom got drunk, did he 博比很少喝醉,是吗?
You had a wonderful time last night, didn't you 昨天晚上你玩得很愉快,是吗?
4.感叹句
英语中的感叹句有时也通过倒装的形式来表达。
Here comes Santa Clause! 圣诞老人来啦!(谓语前置)
What bad manners they have! 他们真没礼貌!(宾语前置)
How happy the children are!孩子们多么幸福啊!(表语前置)
5. 某些含有“really”意义的简短表达,也用倒装语序,但它们并不需要任何回答。
— Elsa saw a snake last night. 埃尔莎昨天晚上看到一条蛇。
— Did she 真的吗?
— Our new boss is very easygoing. 我们的新老板人很随和。
— Is he 是吗?
— Philip has already finished his report. 菲利普已经完成了他的报告。
— Has he 真的吗?
6.以引导词there引起的陈述句
There was nobody in the room. 房间里没有人。
In the valley there lies a river. 山谷里有一条河。
There is no harm in trying. 不妨一试。
7.虚拟条件句
①在虚拟语气中,如果不用if,且从句中有were, had, should等助动词,需将助动词were, had, should放在句首,用倒装语序。
If I were a bird, I could fly freely.
——Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟,我就能自由翱翔。 If I had known it earlier, I would have lent him the money.
——Had I known it earlier, I wouldn誸 have lent him the money. 要是我早知道这件事,我就不会把钱借给他了.
②表示祝愿的一些句子
Long live peace! 和平万岁!
May our friendship be ever lasting! 愿我们的友谊长存!
8.直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时
You should have been here five minutes ago,said the teacher. 老师说:“你5分钟之前就该来了。”
Douglas,said the teacher, do be careful next time.“道格拉斯,”老师说道,“下次一定要小心。”
B. 修辞倒装
为了突出重要的内容,或为了生动地描写动作,人们往往采用修辞倒装。
1.为了强调
Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。
Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有用这种方法,我们才能学好英语。 Selfish does our life make us students. 是生活把我们的学生变得如此自私。
2.为了生动流畅
Up went the rocket into the sky. 嗖的一声火箭上了天。
Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 我们面前有很多困难。
Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常乐。
Next came a man in his forties. 接下去进来一个四十多岁的男人。
Long did we wait before hearing from her. 我们等了很久才收到她的信。
C. 一些句型的固定用法
Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。
Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang. 我一到家,电话就响了。
How came it that she knew the secret 她怎么会知道那个秘密的?
二. 倒装的种类
英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。如果将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,这称之为完全倒装。如果只将助动词或情态动词移至主语之前,谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面,这称之为部分倒装。
A. 完全倒装
完全倒装是将谓语的全部放在主语之前,此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时两种。
On her left sat her husband. 她左边坐着她丈夫。
Here is the book you want. 你要的书在这儿。
Down went the small boat. 小船沉下去了。
B. 部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分,如助动词或情态动词,移至主语之前。
Only by working hard can one succeed. 只有努力才能成功。
我以前没见过她。
do, does或did,
Well do I remember the day I joined the League.入团的那一天,我记忆犹新。 Little did I think that he could be back alive 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。
二. 常见的倒装结构
A. 常见的完全倒装结构
1.there be 句型。
There is a mobile phone and some books on the desk. 桌上有一个手机和一些书。 There are thousands of people gathering on the square. 广场上聚集着成千上万的人 注意 引导词there 还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, stand, live 等词。 There lived an old fisherman in the village. 村里住着一位老渔夫。
There stand two white houses by the river. 河滨矗立着两座白房子。
There existed some doubt among the students. 学生中有些怀疑。
2.用于here, there, now, thus, then + 动词 + 主语的句型中(谓语动词多为be, go, come等)。
Here comes the bus.汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Now comes my turn. 轮到我了。
Then came the order to take off. 起飞的命令到了。
3.以out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头,谓语动词是表示“移动”的go, come, leave等句子里。
Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。
In came a stranger in black. 进来了一位穿黑衣的陌生人。
Down fell the leaves. 树叶掉了下来。
注意在完全倒装的结构里,如果主语是人称代词,则用正常语序。
Out she went. 她走了。
Here we are. 我们到了。
4.表示地点的介词词组位于句首,谓语动词是表示“存在”之意的be, lie, stand, exist等句子中。
South of the lake lies a big supermarket. 湖泊的南边是一个大超市。
20 miles east of our school lies a modern swimming pool. 我们学校向东20英里有一个现代化的游泳池。
On the floor were piles of old books, magazines and newspapers. 地板上是一堆堆旧的书报杂志。
5. “表语+连系动词+主语”结构。
Lucky is she who was admitted to a famous university last year.
她很幸运,去年被一所名牌大学录取。
Gone are the days when he was looked down upon.
他被人看不起的日子一去不复返了。
Present at the meeting are some well-known scientists.
一些知名的科学家出席了会议。
B. 常见的部分倒装结构
1. 含有否定意义的副词或连词(如not, seldom, little, hardly, never, rarely, nowhere等)放在句首时。
He can not speak a single word of English.
——Not a single word of English can he speak. 他连一个英语单词都不会说。 He cares little about his clothes.
——Little does he care about his clothes. 他不在乎穿着。
I have never seen him before.
——Never have I seen him before.
——Never before have I seen him. 我以前没见过他。
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
——Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 孩子睡着了,妈妈才离开房间。(Not until引出的主从复合句中,主句倒装,从句不倒装。)
Churchill was not only a statesman, but a poet
——Not only was Churchill a statesman, but a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是个政治家,而且还是个诗人。
I shall by no means give up.
他刚要离开,天就下起了雨。 Scarcely had he sat down when his mobile phone rang. 他刚坐下,手机就响了。 No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his mistakes. 他刚交卷就意识到出错了。
2. 副词only +状语放在句首时。
Only then did I see life was not easy. 只有那时我才知道生活是不易的。
Only in this way can you use the computer well. 只有用这种方法你才能把电脑学好。
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 只有他病重时,他才待在床上。(only+状语从句,从句不倒装,主句倒装)
3. so作“也”讲时,引导的句子用倒装语序,表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一人(或物)。其句型是:So + be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语。
She has been to Tokyo. So have I. 她去过东京,我也去过。
He can send emails to his former classmates. So can she. 他能电子邮件给以前的同学,她也能。
昨天晚上他去看电影了,我也去了。
— Jack won the first prize in the contest. 杰克在比赛中获一等奖。
— So he did. 确实是的。
— It is cold today. 今天很冷。
— So it is and so was it yesterday. 确实是很冷,昨天也很冷。
His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影,他就去了。
4.neithernor引导的句子用倒装语序,用于对前面所说的否定内容表示同样的看法。
She won誸 go. NeitherNor will I. 她不走,我也不。
I cannot swim. Neither can he . 我不会游泳,他也不会。
注意:如果前面所说的内容既有肯定又有否定,或前后的谓语动词形式不一致时,用“It is the same with +主语”结构或用“So it is with +主语”结构。
He worked hard, but didn't pass the exam. So it was with his sister. 他很努力,但没有通过考试。他妹妹也是这样。(既有肯定又有否定)
【篇三】高中英语语法全解
高中英语语法全解-动词时态
第一章 动词时态(一)
在英语中,不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,这就叫做动词的时态。
A.一般现在时
1. 一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时,动词后面要加-s或-es。
They want good jobs.
他们想要好的工作。
The coat matches the dress.
外衣和裙子很相配。
This work does not satisfy me.高中英语语法全解
这项工作我不满意。
Do you understand?
你懂了吗?
2.一般现在时的用法
①一般现在时的基本用法
a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态
He always takes a walk after supper.
晚饭后他总是散散步。
Everyone is in high spirits now.
现在大家都情绪高涨。
b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳从东方升起在西方落下。
Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.
声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。
Time and tide wait for no man.
时间不等人。
c. 表示主语的特征、能力和状态
This cloth feels soft.
这布摸上去很软。
I love classical music.
我喜欢古典音乐。
The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.
看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。
d. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作
The meeting begins at 7:00.
会议七点钟开始。
We leave here at 8:00 sharp.
我们八点整离开这里。
e. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来动作
When you come next time, bring me some magazines.
你下次来时,给我带几本杂志。
If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话,我们明天去那里。
Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.
不管他同意与否,我都会待在家里。
②一般现在时的特殊用法
a. 用于新闻标题或图片说明中
China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful
中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功
Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow
劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科
b. 用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中
Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.
弗朗西斯穿过去,把球传给姚明,姚明跳起来,接住球投进篮里。
Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.
现在,看,我按下按扭,打开了这台机器。
c. 表示告诫或劝说
You mind your own business.
你不要管闲事!
If he does that again, he goes to prison.
如果他再那样的话,他就会进监狱的。
d. 表示现在瞬间的动作
Here comes the bus.
汽车来了。
There goes the bell.
铃响了。
B.一般过去时
1. 一般过去时的构成
一般过去时是用动词的过去式来表示。
His words fetched a laugh from all present.
他的话使在场的人都笑了。
I did not sleep well last night.
我昨晚没睡好。
Did you direct the tourist to the hotel?
你告诉这位游客去旅馆的路了吗?
2.一般过去时的用法
①一般过去时的基本用法
a. 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态
He suddenly fell ill yesterday.
昨天他突然生病了。
The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.
发动机因燃料用光而停机了。
注意:
在一般过去时的句子中,通常都要有表示过去的时间状语。
【误】I visited the Palace Museum.(在没有上下文的情况下,应避免这样说)
【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.
去年我参观过故宫博物院。
【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.
我参观过故宫博物院。
b. 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态
I wrote home once a week at college.
我上大学时每周给家里写一封信。
He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.
他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。
提示:
表示过去的习惯性动作,除了用过去式外,还可以用used to或would来表示。 She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.
她上高三时经常学习到深夜。
He would sit for hours doing nothing.
过去他常常一坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
c. 表示过去连续发生的一系列动作
She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.
她走进房间,拿起一本杂志,认真地翻阅了起来。
The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.
学生们很早起床,做早操,然后在室外朗读英语。
d. 在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将要发生的动作
We would not leave until the teacher came back.
老师回来我们才会离开。
She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.
她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话,她就不去了。
②一般过去时的特殊用法
a. 在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态
It's time we went.
是我们该走的时候了。
I wish I were twenty years younger.
但愿我年轻20岁。
I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.
我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。
b. 在口语中,一般过去时往往显示委婉客气。
I wondered if you could give me a hand.
我想请你帮个忙。
Might I come and see you tonight?
我想今晚来看你,好吗?
3.一般现在时和一般过去时的比较
一般现在时要和现在时间相联系,而一般过去时和说话的“现在”不相联系。 His father is a film director.
他父亲是电影导演。(他现在还是)
His father was a film director.
他父亲曾是电影导演。(他现在不是)
How do you like the novel?
你觉得这部小说怎么样?(还在看小说)
How did you like the novel?
你觉得这部小说怎么样?(已看完小说)
C.一般将来时
1. 一般将来时的构成
一般将来时是由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的。shall只限于第一人称,主要见于英国英语,现在的趋势是第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均用will表示。在口语中,shall和will常缩写成“'ll”,紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常简略为shan't 和won't。
I'll go and shut the door.
我去关门。
When will you know your exam results?
你什么时候能知道考试结果?
I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.
我看得出你很忙,所以我不会呆太久的。
提示:在you and I或both of us等短语后,只用will,不用shall。
You and I will arrive there next Monday.
我和你下周一都要到达那里。
Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.
我们俩明年中学毕业。
2.一般将来时的用法
①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态
I shall be free this afternoon.
我今天下午有空。
There'll be no chemistry classes tomorrow.
明天没有化学课。
They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.
他们可能去上海度假。
注意:
在口语中,常用will / shall + be doing结构来代替will / shall + 动词原形,以表示
生动。
I'll be seeing a friend off at the airport.
我要去机场给一个朋友送行。
He'll be going with us tomorrow.
他明天和我们一起去。
②表示将要反复发生的动作
My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.
我叔叔每个星期六都会来看我。
The students will have five English classes per week this term. 本学期学生们每周要上五节英语课。
③表示同意或答应做某事
That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it.
这个包看起来很重,我来帮你提。
I won't tell anyone what happened, I promise.
我保证不告诉别人所发生的事。
④表示一种倾向或推测
Flowers will die without water.
没有水花会枯死的。
Water will change into ice at 0℃.
水在零摄氏度就会结冰。
This will be your sister, I guess.
我猜想这是你姐姐。
3.一般将来时的常用结构
①用于“I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 宾语从句”中 Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
不要担心这次考试,我确信你会通过的。
I wonder what will happen.
我不知道将会发生什么事。
I don't think the test will be very difficult.
我想这次测验不会太难。
②用于“祈使句 + and + 陈述句”中
Work hard and you will succeed.
如果你努力,就会成功的。
Go at once and you will see her.
马上去,你就会见到她了。
③与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用
I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.
他一到我就通知你。
If you ask him, he will help you.
如果你请他,他会帮助你的。
We shall go unless it rains.
除非下雨,否则我们是要去的。高中英语语法全解
4.将来时间的其他表达法
【篇四】高中英语语法全解
高中英语语法全解-情态动词
第四章 情态动词(一)
情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度,如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词有词义,但不完全,是所谓的“辅助性”动词,在句中不能单独充当谓语。
一、 情态动词的特征和形式
A. 情态动词的各种形式见下表:
情态动词
may
might
can
could
must
have to
ought to
will高中英语语法全解
would
shall
should
need
dare
used to
否定式
may not
might not
cannotcan not
could not
must not
do not have to
ought not to
will not
would not
shall not
should not
need not
dare not
used not to
did not use to
简略否定式
mayn't(老式英语,现在不常见)
mightn't
can't
couldn't
mustn't
don't have to
oughtn't to (否定句中to可省略)
won't
wouldn't
shan't (只用于英国英语)
shouldn't
needn't
daren't
usedn't to
didn't use to
B.情态动词除ought to, used to等外,后面只接不带to的不定式。
1.情态动词+do
You shouldn't be so careless. 你不该这样粗心大意。
Jessica told him yesterday she might not go on the trip.
杰西卡昨天告诉他,她可能不去旅行了。
Difficulties can and must be overcome.
困难能够而且必须克服。
2.情态动词+be doing
She must be listening to pop music.
她肯定在听流行音乐。
You should be reviewing your lessons.
你应该在复习功课。
My mother maymight be cooking now.
我妈妈可能正在做饭。
3.情态动词+have done
They might have visited the Great Wall.
他们可能参观过长城了。
He must have got up very early to catch the train.
他一定起得很早去赶火车了。
You ought to have come earlier.
你本该早一点儿来。
4.情态动词+be done
This word can also be used as a verb.
这个词也可以用作动词。
Something must be done to stop pollution.
必须采取措施来制止污染。
The work ought to have been finished long ago.
这工作早就该完成了。
C. 情态动词第三人称单数一般现在时没有词形变化。
You ought to wear a raincoat.
你应该穿件雨衣。
She ought to wear a raincoat.
她应该穿件雨衣。
Plants must have oxygen in order to live.
为了存活植物必须有氧气。
A plant must have oxygen in order to live.
为了存活植物必须有氧气。
D. 情态动词的时态并不是区分时间的主要标志。在一些场合中,情态动词的现在式和过去式都可以表示现在时间、过去时间或将来时间。
I'm afraid it might rain tonight.
我看今晚可能要下雨。
Could I borrow your thermos
我可以借用你的暖水瓶吗?
It's a nice day today. We could go for a walk.
今天天气不错,我们可以出去散散步。
E. 情态动词是互相排斥的,一般不允许两个意义相近的情态动词连用。
【误】Soldiers must have to obey orders.
【正】Soldiers have to obey orders.
军人必须服从命令。
【正】Soldiers must obey orders.
军人必须服从命令。
【误】Can I be able to borrow two books at a time
【正】Can I borrow two books at a time
我能一次借两本书吗?
【正】Will I be able to borrow two books at a time
我能一次借两本书吗?
二、 情态动词的意义和用法
A. may和might
1.表示请求、许可,常译为“可以”。
在口语中可用can, could代替may,但在正式场合用may。表示允许时,也可用might代替,might不表示过去时,而是表示口气比较婉转。
You may take this seat if you like.
如果你喜欢可以坐这个位置。
MayCan Could Might I have a talk with you
我可以和你谈谈吗?
— MayMight I come into the room to see my mother
我可以进房间看我母亲吗?
— No, you mustn't. She needs to have a good rest.
不,你不能进。她需要好好休息。
提示:
May I … 问句常见的肯定回答和否定回答。
肯定回答
Yes, please.
Certainly.
Yes, of course.
Sure.
Go ahead, please.
否定回答
No, you can't. (最常见)
No, you mustn't. (具有强烈禁止的意思)
Please don't. You'd better not.
I don't think you can.
I'm sorry it's not allowed.
2.表示推测,可译为“可能,也许”。
Your math teacher maymight be in his office. 你们的数学老师可能在办公室里。(一般情况下,might表示的可能性很小)
The light isn't on. It maymight be broken.
那盏灯没有亮,它可能坏了。
There may might be some ink left in the bottle.
瓶子里也许还剩点儿墨水。
注意:
用may表示推测一般不用于疑问句,在疑问句中通常用can来代替。 Can he be at home
他可能在家吗?
— Can it be true
这可能是真的吗?
— It may be, or may not be.
可能是,也可能不是。
3.用在目的状语从句中,构成谓语。
He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time.
他想坐出租车,这样他就能及时到达那里。
I arrived at the airport earlier in order that I might meet him.
我早早地就到了机场为了能接到他。
4. 有时可以用于祈使句表示祝愿。
May you succeed.
祝你成功
May you be happy.
祝你快乐。
May that day come soon.
希望这一天早日到来。
B. can和could
1. 表示能力,可译为“能,会”。
I can swim. 我会游泳。
Emily can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young. 艾米丽舞跳得很好,她妈妈年轻时舞跳得也很好。
The cinema can seat 1,000 people.
这电影院能容纳1,000人。
I could not read such an easy book when I was 7 years old.
我七岁时连如此简单的书我也看不懂。
2. 表示允许、许可,常用在口语中。could比can语气上要客气。
— Could I use your dictionary
我可以用一下你的字典吗?
—Yes, go ahead.
可以,用吧。(或Yes, you can. 但不能说Yes, you could.)
Could Can you tell me how to get to the zoo
劳驾,你能告诉我怎么去动物园吗?
He asked me whether he could take the book out of the reading room.
他问我可不可以把书带出阅览室。
can罕见)、否定句和疑问句,但更常见于疑问句或否定句。在此种用法中can和could没有时态的区别,只是表示可能性的大小,can表示推测的可能性比could大。
Can he be ill at home
他会是生病在家吗?
Can the story be true
这个故事会是真的吗?
He cannot be at home.
他不可能在家。
You mustn't smoke while you are walking around in the woods. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时一定不要吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。
4.表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
How can you be so careless
你怎么这么粗心?
Where can could they have gone
他们会去了哪里?
【篇五】高中英语语法全解
高中英语语法全解-主谓一致
第十六章 主谓一致
主谓一致(concord),是指主语和谓语动词要保持人称和数上的一致。英语中动词be的变化形式最多,如I am,You are,He is,We are等。主语I一定要用am的动词形式,这就叫“主谓一致”。
一、主谓一致的三个原则
主谓一致涉及三个基本原则,即语法一致原则(principle of grammatical concord)、意义一致原则(principle of notional concord)和就近原则(principle of proximity)。
A. 语法一致
语法一致是指主语和谓语在单复数形式上的一致关系,主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;反之,谓语动词用复数形式。
My child has no intention of spending a vacation with me. 我的孩子不想与我一起度假。
My children have no intention of spending a vacation with me. 我的孩子们不想与我一起度假。
B. 意义一致
意义一致是说谓语动词的单、复数要取决于主语所表达的概念,而不取决于表面上的语法标记。
1. 主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。
The only people who are interested in the book seem to be lawyers. 唯一对这本书感兴趣的人好像是律师。
The majority of primary school teachers are women. 大多数小学老师都是女的。
2. 主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。
No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。
Billiards is becoming more and more popular in some cities. 桌球在一些城市里越来越受欢迎。
C. 就近原则
就近原则是指当主语由两个或两个以上名词或代词组成时,谓语动词的数要与它紧邻的名词或代词的数一致。
There is a square table and some chairs in the center of the dining-room. 餐厅中央有一张方桌和几把椅子。
Either your students or William knows this. 不是你的学生就是威廉知道这件事。
第 1 页 共 10 页
如果对上述三种原则捉摸不定,遵循语法一致的原则是一种比较稳妥的方法。 二、并列主语的主谓一致
A. 由and 连接的并列主语
1. 用and(或both… and)连接并列主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 榔头和锯子都是有用的工具。
Both industry and agriculture have been greatly developed these years. 这几年工农业大大地发展了。
①当and连接的两个名词是指组合到一起的一件完整的或成套的东西,或表示同一个人或一种概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting. 这位教师兼作家正在会上发言。
A needle and thread was given to her, but she could not sew the button on. 针线给了她,但她不会把钮扣缝起来。(a needle and thread 作为同一件东西对待)
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 早睡早起是个好习惯。(going to bed early and getting up early 被看成同一概念)
Bread and butter is his usual breakfast. 他经常以黄油面包当早餐。
远方看见一辆马车。
iron and steel 钢铁
law and order 治安
bread and butter 黄油面包
a watch and chain 一块带链的表
a knife and fork刀叉
a coat and tie配有领带的上衣
aim and end 目的
truth and honesty 真诚
2. 一个名词为几个并列形容词所修饰时,这时主语和谓语动词的一致关系一般遵循语法一致的原则。
Clever and slow students are treated alike. 聪明的和迟钝的学生都受到相同的对待。
A black and white kitten was found in the garden yesterday. 昨天在花园里发现一只黑白色的小花猫。
比较:
A black and a white dogs are playing in the yard. 一只黑狗和一只白狗正在院子里玩。(两只狗)
A black and white dog is playing in the yard. 一只黑白花狗正在院子里玩。(一只狗)
第 2 页 共 10 页
3.在each… and each …, every…and every…, no…and no…等结构之后,谓语动词用单数形式。
Each boy and each girl has an apple. 每个男孩和女孩都有苹果。
Every hour and every minute is precious. 每一小时,每一分钟,都很宝贵。
No bird and no beast is seen on the lonely island. 荒岛上既看不到鸟也看不到野兽。
4. 带有并列动词的what从句作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定动词的数。 What he says and does do not agree. 他的言行不一致。(具体指他说的话和他做的事)
What he says and does does not concern me. 他的言行与我无关。(泛指他的为人)
5.在某些成语中,一些并列主语用and相连时,其后谓语用单数形式。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 光工作不玩耍,聪明的孩子也会变傻。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪慧。
B. 以or, either…or, neither…nor, not…but, not only…but also等连接的名词(代词)作并列主语时,谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。
Neither he nor I am willing to go shopping today. 他和我今天都不愿去购物。 –Are either you or he to go there –是你还是他将去那里?
–Neither is. –一个也不去。
Not only the Writer brothers but also their father was there. 不只是莱特兄弟在那里,连他们的父亲也在。
Not the students but their teatrers but also their father was there.
被邀请去参加晚会的不是学生(们),而是他们的老师。
C.主语后跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, like, rather than, together with, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定,也就是说,谓语动词的数不受这些词组的影响。 The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library. 这位老师和学生们一起在图书馆阅读。
The students as well as the teacher were reading in the library. 学生们和这位老师一起在图书馆阅读。
The manager, rather than the workers, is responsible for the loss. 损失的责任应由经理而不是工人们来承担。
Nobody but three policemen was on the spot. 当时只有三个警察在现场。
三、单一主语的主谓一致
单数的主语跟单数的动词,复数的主语跟复数的动词,这是符合语法一致的原则。但在实际运用中,往往会出现较为复杂的情况:
第 3 页 共 10 页
A. 形复意单的名词作主语
形复意单的名词作主语(即形式为复数,意义为单数),按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。
1. 许多学科名称,如mathematics, physics, economics, politics等,以及news等名词作主语时,动词用单数。
Physics is required of every student in our school. 物理是我校每个学生的必修科目。
News is traveling fast nowadays. 当今新闻传播得很快。高中英语语法全解
2. 用作国名、组织机构、书名、报刊名等复数形式的专有名词作为整体对待,谓语用单数。
The United Nations has passed a resolution to lift sanctions against Iraq. 联合国通过了解除对伊制裁的决定。
The Times reports the news of the strike. 时代杂志报导了罢工的消息。
Great Expectations was written by Dickens in 1860. 《远大前程》是狄更斯于1860年写的。
注意:
如果山脉、群岛、瀑布等名称作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
The Great Lakes lie between the USA and Canada. 五大湖在美国和加拿大两国之间。
The Philippines are in the western Pacific Ocean southeast of China. 菲律宾群岛在中国东南太平洋西部。
The Niagara Falls are the falls on the Niagara River. 尼亚加拉瀑布位于尼亚加拉河上。
3. 一些形复意单的名词,包括有成双成套部分的衣物或工具名称,作主语时,谓语用复数。
My blue trousers have been worn out. 我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。
他的眼镜是新的。
a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词用单数。
The shoes are under the bed. 鞋在床下。
The pair of shoes is under the bed. 这双鞋在床下。
4. 单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数;用作复数意义时,谓语用复数。这类名词有:sheep, deer, fish, means, works, species, Chinese, Japanese等。
The (This) glass works was set up in 1986. 这家玻璃厂建于1986年。
The (These) glass works are near the railway station. 这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。 This species of rose is very rare. 这种玫瑰很稀有。
The species of fish are numerous. 鱼的种类很多。
第 4 页 共 10 页
Sheep are raised for wool. 养羊是为了剪毛。 There is a sheep under the tree. 树下有一只绵羊。
比较:
当这类名词前有a, such a, this, that, every修饰时,谓语用单数;有all, such, these, those修饰时,谓语用复数。
Every means has been tried out without much result. 每一种方法都试过了却没什么结果。
All means have been tried out without much result. 所有方法都试过了却没什么结果。
B. 集合名词作主语
集合名词表示有若干个体组成的集合体,如army, audience, class, club, company, crowd, government, group, party, population, team, union等。
1. 集合名词作主语时,若表示整体概念,谓语动词用单数,若表示构成该集合体的成员,则谓语动词用复数。
His family are waiting for him. 他的家人正在等他。
But the man's family was small-only himself and his wife. 但那人的家庭很小,只有他本人和妻子。
One third of the population here are workers. 这里人口中有三分之一是工人。 The population of the earth is increasing every year. 地球上的人口每年都在增长。
2. 有些集合名词,如cattle, folk, people, police, youth等,作主语时,谓语动词用复数,即所谓的“形单意复”。
The police have caught the thief. 警察已经抓住了小偷。
The cattle are grazing in the field. 牛在田野里吃草。
Youth today are quite different from 20 years ago. 现在的年轻人和20年前大不一样。
有些人从不知足。
The team is well organized. 这个队组织得很好。
The team are all tough players. 这个队的队员都很强壮。
All the class were jumping with joy. 全班同学都高兴地跳了起来。
The class is made up of 54 students. 这班由54名学生组成。
The young couple is happy. 这对年轻夫妇很幸福。
The young couple are quarrelling with each other. 这对年轻夫妇正在吵架。 The village is at the foot of the mountain. 这个村子在山脚下。
All the village are out to greet him. 全村人都出来欢迎他。
3.有些无生命(表示物)的集合名词作主语,谓语用单数。
All the furniture in my room is new. 我房间里的家具都是新的。
Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates. 在寒冷的气候中,保暖的衣服是必需的。
第 5 页 共 10 页
【篇六】高中英语语法全解
高中英语语法全解-省略
第十五章 省略
莎士比亚曾经说过:Brevity is the soul of wit. (言以简为贵)。为了使话说得简明扼要,英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。这种省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不变的现象,称为省略(ellipsis)。
一、 省略的目的
省略多见于非正式的文体,尤其在对话中,省略是一种十分普遍的现象。英语中的省略一般说来有三个目的:
A. 避免重复,减少累赘。
省略的主要目的是避免重复,去掉不必要的累赘和繁琐。
Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day. 迈克说他第二 天要来学校看我,但是第二天他并没有来学校看我。
— Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't. 迈克说他第二天要来学校看我,但是他并没有来。(省掉最后九个词,句子简洁多了)
— What did he want yesterday 他昨天要了什么?
— An apple. 一个苹果。(如果回答时说出全文“He wanted an apple yesterday”,
便显得别扭,不自然)
B. 连接紧密,结构紧凑。
省略也是使上下文紧密连接的一种修辞手段。
John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998. 约翰是1994年的获胜者,鲍勃是1998年的获胜者。(Bob后省略了was the winner,句子结构显得比较紧凑) In some places we stopped in tents for the night, in other places in caves. 我们在有些地方住在帐篷里过夜,在有些地方住在山洞里。(in other places 后省略了主语和谓语we stopped for the night,上下文连接更加紧密)
省略:
回答问题要简洁,并列重复需省略。祈使主语常省略,比较than后需省略。宾从表从that勿省略。前后出现同一词,习惯表达需省略。
C.强调重点,突出信息。
省略的另一作用是突出新的信息。
Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud. 真理讲话声太低,虚伪讲话声太高。(后一分句省略谓语speaks,突出了too loud)
— Have you told him that 你把那告诉他了吗?
— Not yet. 还没有呢。(= I have not told him that yet. 强调not yet )
二、 可省略的成分
省略大致可归纳为功能词的省略和语法结构上的省略两种。在很多情况下,这两种省略存在着交叉的关系,即有时既是功能词的省略,同时又是语法结构上的省略。
A. 功能词的省略
功能词指的是没有完整意义,但有语法意义的词,如冠词、介词、助动词等。英语句子结构的简洁,首先表现在功能词的省略上。
1.冠词的省略
They elected John (the) monitor of the class. 他们选约翰当班长。
A man and (a) woman are talking in the office. 办公室一男一女正在谈话。
He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television. 他不明白为什么从屋子里一点响声也没传出来,甚至连收音机和电视机的声音也没有。
提示:
在英语新闻标题、告示中,经常省略冠词。
Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class 中国国家主席强调工人阶级作用 (新闻标题 = The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class) People Rebuild Homes After Flood 洪水退后人民重建家园(新闻标题 = The People Rebuild Their Homes After the Flood)
DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION 汽车在行驶时请勿和司机讲话。(告示 = Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion)
2.代词的省略
I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour. 我去了市场,买了点有用的东西,一小时之内就回来了。
They didn't like it, yet (they) said nothing. 他们并不喜欢它,可是什么话也没说。 (It) Doesn't matter. 这不碍事。
(You) Had a good time, didn't you 玩得开心,是吧?
I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one). 我喜欢你的两只小瓶子,但我不喜欢最小的那一只。
3.连词的省略
We are delighted (that) you can come. 你能来,我们很高兴。
I believe (that) you will succeed.我相信你们会成功的。
It's a pity (that) he's leaving. 他要走,真遗憾。
4.关系词的省略
I'll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。
He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。
It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他进来的。
It happened on the day (when) we first met. 这发生在我们初次见面的那一天。 There is a man (who) wants to see you. 有个人想要见你。
5.助动词的省略
(Does) Anyone want a drink 有谁要喝一杯吗?
Who (do) you think you are 你以为你是谁?(在特殊疑问句中,当主语是第二人称时,助动词do可省略)
I (have) got to go now. 我得走了。
6.不定式符号的省略
I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home. 我希望做完事回家。(当几个不定式并列时,一般只需在第一个不定式前用to)
What we could do was (to) get away. (主语从句中含有do,那么作表语的动词不定式往往省略to)
We did not dare (to) speak. 我们不敢说话。(dare作行为动词用时,否定式可省略to)
There is nothing to do but (to) obey the orders. 除了服从命令之外,我们别无他法。(介词but前如有do,but后可省略to)
to。 To be or not to be, that is the question. 活着还是死亡,这就是问题所在。(莎士比亚)
It was better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。
7.介词的省略
He went (in) that way. 他往那边去了。
The two boys are (of) the same age. 这两个男孩年龄一样大。
I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not. 我拿不定主意这对不对。
You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5. 你在4点到5点之间随时都可以来见我。
她在这里一定呆了很久了。 in常常省略。
be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事
spend time (in) doing sth. 花时间做某事
waste energy (in) doing sth. 浪费精力做某事
have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
have a good time (in) doing sth. 某事做得非常愉快
have a hard time (in) doing sth. 某事做得很艰难
take turns (in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
It is no use (in) doing sth. 做某事没有用
It is no good (in) doing sth. 做某事无益
There is no hurry (in) doing sth. 不必着急做某事
There is no point (in) doing sth. 做某事无意义
There is no use (in) doing sth. 做某事没有用
8.引导词there的省略
(There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot. 壶里应该有些咖啡的。
(There) Must be somebody waiting for you. 肯定有人在等你。
B. 句子成分的省略
为了避免重复,或者为了使某一内容显要注目,可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变。
1.省略主语
Hope so. 希望如此。(= I hope so.)
Beg your pardon. 请你原谅。(= I beg your pardon.)
Take care! 当心!(= You take care.)
Looks as if it will rain. 看起来像要下雨。(= It looks as if it will rain.)
你活该!(= It serves you right.)
Take care! 当心!)。但有时为了明确对方,可加上主语。
You feed the bird today, will you 今天你喂鸟,好吗?
Somebody answer the phone, please. 请来个人接一下电话。
2.省略谓语
Anything the matter?要紧吗?(= Is anything the matter)
Who next 该谁了?(= Who comes next)
Just a moment, please. 请等一会儿。(= Just wait a moment, please.)
The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深,冰很薄。(= The river was deep and the ice was thin.)
We'll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。(= We'll do the best we can do.) What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的似乎要比我们已经得到的要好。(= What we can't get seems better than what we have got.)
3.省略表语
Are you ready Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗? 我准备好了。(am后面省略了表语ready)
He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth. 他还是像年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。(was后面省略了表语a lover of sports)
China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world. 中国过去是,而且现在还是世界上人口最多的国家。 (= China has been the most populous country in the world and still is the most populous country in the world.)
4.省略宾语
We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们必须分析问题解决问题。(analyze后省略了宾语problems)
I struck match after match, but could not light. 我划了一根又一根火柴,但一根也没划着。(light后省略了宾语a match)
Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry. 让我们洗碗吧,我来洗,你来揩干。(wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes)
5.省略定语
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 他花了一部分钱,其余的他都存了起来。(the rest后面省略了定语of the money)
6.省略状语
(Even) The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使最聪明的人也不能无所不知。
Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely. 玛丽说得粗鲁,约翰答得也粗鲁。
He was not hurt. (How) Strange! 他没有受伤,真奇怪!
三、 省略在句子中的运用
在一个句子中,省略可分为依赖上下文省略和不依赖上下文省略两种。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到,但后者可能找不到。
A. 简单句中的省略
1.依赖上下文的省略,在对话中最为常用。
Like more beer 再要点啤酒吗?(= Would you like more beer)
— Would you mind if I used your telephone 用一下你的电话,你介意吗? — Not at all. 一点也不。(= I do not mind at all.)
— Will he pass this examination他这次考试会通过吗?
大概会的。(= He will probably pass the examination.)
如果把省略部分补上,反而显得累赘或不合乎习惯。
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 一日之计在于晨。(在two后补上hours显得罗嗦。)
It is now ten to seven. 现在七点十分。(如说It is now ten minutes to seven o'clock. 显得累赘)
No parking. 禁止停车。(= No parking is allowed here. 告示用语,补上不合乎习惯。)
2.不依赖于上下文的省略。
All aboard! 请上船。(=All go aboard. 省略谓语)