【话题作文】
第一篇:《说明性文章阅读复习》
说明性文章阅读复习
一．回顾所学说明性文章
1、回顾我们学过的说明性文章有哪些？
2、那么，什么是说明性文章呢？指名读说明性文章的概念及分类。
3、课件出示：说明事理文章有——说明事理的文章有——
4、无论是说明事物的，还是说明事理的的我们小学阶段的考察主要是三个方面。
说明性文章阅读能力的考查要点
（1）说明对象，把握其特点。
（2说明方法及其作用。
（3语言表达的准确性。
今天我们就以说明事物的文章为例，进行以上三方面的复习。
二 能弄清说明对象，把握其特点。
1、一般情况下，有些文章的标题就告诉我们说明的对象。
如《海洋——21世纪的希望》《埃及金字塔》
2、但是练习时我们会遇到文章没有标题，甚至还要我们加标题，这时我们该怎么办呢?出示方法二：从材料入手，逐段梳理，找各段的总括句，中心句，再加以概括。
如《练习册》
人类是生物中的重要组成部分，人体不但产生电，而且，整个生命运动都离不开电刺激来传递信息。据计算，人的心脏正常跳动时，可以产生1一2毫伏、频率为几十赫兹的电流。大脑也可以产生20一100微伏、频率约10赫兹的电流．心电图仪和脑电图仪就是根据这种生物电的存在进行工作的，并通过它们的变化过程来诊断人体的疾病。除此之外，肌肉、耳蜗、肠胃等也会产生“肌电”、“耳蜗电”、“肠胃电”等强度不同的微弱电流。
经过科学家的不懈努力，发现水中的鱼类就有500多种能够放电。其中，非洲和意大利的电鳗、电鳐的放电量都达到220伏以上，电压强度超过了我们日常用电，至今还被用来治病。更为有趣的是，电鳗的头上还有一个微微突起部，可以接收其它水中生物发出的电波。而生长在非洲内河中的象鼻鱼，能够连续发出电流，遇到障碍物便被反射回来，被它的接收器官接收后，就可以判别对方是敌人还是猎物。
随着对生物电研究的不断深入，许多科学领域纷纷应用生物电技术和方法，相继取得了新的成就。在现代医学中，除了心电、脑电以外，胃肠道的生物电活动也引起了人们的兴趣与重视，用来进行胃癌及腹部手术后的观察有很好的效果。还有的国家通过对人体皮肤电位的测定，从变化中研究某些心理疾病的发展和变化。在航天、航空方面，可以利用心电扫描器来记录人在高空飞行中的心率变化和地心引力与心脏位置的关系．利用脑电记录仪来测知飞行者精神状态和觉醒程度。甚至可以利用动物产生的生物电作为宇宙飞行中无线电发射机的电源，来进行通讯联络。
此外，在电子仿生学中，生物电的作用也发挥了巨大作用。仿造电鳗身体结构制造的潜艇，使人很难分辨出是船还是鱼。日本通过接收鳗鱼、金鱼发出的电流，可以判断水源污染及气象变化。有的科学家用电子元件，制作出模拟人鼻子功能的“电子嗅觉器”，来进行环境监督和检测。一些技术发达国家，直接利用生物电来用作能源。在法国举办的一个展览会上，一座走时准确的时钟竟用一条电鱼来驱动。还有的用生物电控制假手，其握力可达1公斤，能提起10公斤重物，还可以推测出承受力的大小。一次，一个15岁的孩子，利用自身产生的生物电控制假手，写了一排大字，受到在场人们的赞叹。
学生分析回顾每一段落的意思，最后做出总结：这篇短文的说明对象是——生物电。
需要提醒的是千万不要将文章的局部说明对象作为全文的说明对象。
3、掌握了说明对象的方法还不够，还要弄清事物的特点。其方法可以遵循找说明对象的方法。（出示幻灯：）
练一练：
语段一： 地震后山体滑坡，阻塞河道形成的唐家山堰塞湖位于涧河上游距北川县城约6公里处，是北川灾区面积最大、危险最大的一个堰塞湖。(08年镇江市调研试卷阅读理解《堰塞湖》)
语段二：麋鹿是鹿的一种。它的外形很奇特：角似鹿，面似马，蹄似牛，尾似驴，所以又被称作“四不像”。我国古代神话小说《封神榜》中把“四不像”当作姜子牙的坐骑，更增添了它的神秘。（六上课文《麋鹿》）
1．两段文字所属课文都是________(事物说明性文章、事理说明性文章)。
2．语段一，说明对象是________ ，说明对象的特征是___________
3．语段二，说明对象是_____________ ，说明对象的特征是
_________________
总结方法：通过练习，你记住了哪些弄清说明对象，把握其特点的方法？（一从标题入手；二从文章入手）
三．了解说明方法及作用
1说明性文章中，作者往往都会运用恰当的说明方法。
常见的说明方法有：举事例、打比方、列数字、作比较、下定义等。这些说明方法为说明的事物发挥了怎样的作用呢？我们还是在练习中体会吧。 2练一练：
分析下列句子所用的说明方法，并说明其作用。
（1）海洋像个聚宝盆，它蕴藏着丰富的石油、天然气、煤、铁、铜、锡、锰、硫等。（六下《海洋 ——21世纪的希望》）
打比方. 生动形象的说明了海洋矿产资源丰富的特点，增强文章的趣味性。
（2）这座金字塔高146米多，相当于40层高的摩天大厦。（五下《埃及的金字塔》）
列数字、作比较. 这段文字运用具体、准确的数据，并将这些数字与人们比较熟悉的事物或生活经验联系起来，使读者直观地感受到金字塔外观的宏伟。
3总结方法：
打比方：生动形象地说明事物的特征．
列数字：用具体的数字来说明更准确无误。
作比较：用相关事物对比突出强调说明对象特点。
看来对于打比方，列数字，作比较的说明方法及其作用大家掌握较好，常用的说明方法还有哪些呢？（出示：下定义，举例子）指名读一读。
下定义：用简明的语言揭示事物本质属性。（《神奇的克隆》）
举例子：列举有代表性的例子具体说明事物．（《埃及金字塔》）
5总结过渡：适当的运用一些说明方法就能使文章生动形象的说明事物，使人一看就明白事物的特点。那么，说明性文章语言表达的准确性又体现在何处呢？
四 理解语言表达的准确性
（出示语言特点）在文中往往会出现一些词，这些词是不能更改的，也不能删除。
练一练：
1句中“放养”和“饲养”能不能交换，为什么？
黄海滩涂这片广阔的土地，气候温和，林茂草丰，是麋鹿野生放养的理想场所。
后来，流落在国外的麋鹿大部分相继死去，只有英国贝福特公爵在私人别墅乌邦寺动物园里饲养的18头麋鹿生长良好。（六上《麋鹿》）
总结方法：首先表态，然后联系文章内容具体分析，最后说明这是文章语言表达的准确性。
综合练习：
阅读《苍蝇防病的绝招》完成练习。
从显微镜下可以看到，苍蝇全身都带着病菌，而自己却不被病菌所感染。其中的奥妙究竟在哪里呢?
原来苍蝇有着奇妙的防病绝招。它吃了带有多种病菌的食物后，能在消化道内进行快速处理，迅速摄取食物的营养价值，把无用的糟粕、病菌很快的排除体外。一般只需要7—11秒钟时间。细菌进入苍蝇体内后，刚要“繁衍子孙”已被苍蝇用迅雷不及掩耳之速排出了体外。如此高速度、高效率的处理方法，是其他动物无法比拟的。哺乳动物从进食到排便，最快的也要几十分钟，有的要几小时。我们人类在正常情况下，是24小时排便一次。所以当人们吃了带有病菌的食物后，一旦不能将病菌及毒素迅速排出体外，它们就会在人体内“兴风作浪” 、“大闹天宫”。
苍蝇纵然有快速“排外”的本领，但有些病菌也有快速“繁衍子孙”的能力。遇到这些“对手”时，病菌就会在苍蝇体内大肆活动。在不得已的情况下，苍蝇会用 “原子弹”和“氢弹”。最近，意大利科学家研究发现，当病菌 “侵犯”苍蝇机体时，苍蝇的免疫系统就会“发射” 两种特殊的球蛋白。这两种球蛋白像人类使用的原子弹和氢弹一样，会射向病菌爆炸，与“敌人”同归于尽。有趣的是，这两种球蛋白从免疫系统内“发射”出来时，一前一后，成双成对，从不错乱，而且发射快，制造也快，好象发射不完的“原子弹”“氢弹”，很快就能将“敌人”消灭。
科学家感叹地说，这真是奇迹啊!这两种特殊球蛋白杀菌力要比青霉素强千百倍 。如果能提取出来用于人类抗病，该有多好啊！
1.归纳一下，苍蝇有哪些防病绝招。
____________________________________________________________
2.这篇文章运用了多种说明方法。
第二自然段中：介绍苍蝇排便“一般只需要7—11秒钟时间”，而哺乳动物从进食到排便，“最快的也要几十分钟，有的要几小时”。人类在正常情况下，是“24小时排便一次”。这里运用了 和 的说明方法，充分说明了____________ 。
第三自然段中：苍蝇会用“原子弹”和“氢弹”。这里的“原子弹”和“氢弹”指_______________ ，这里运用了 的说明方法，这样写更加突出的表明 。
3．第三自然段中：最近，意大利科学家研究发现，当病菌 “侵犯”苍蝇机体时，苍蝇的免疫系统就会“发射” 两种特殊的球蛋白。句中 “最近”一词能否删去，为什么？ __________________________________________________ __________
参考答案：
1. 防防病绝招(1)把病菌很快的排除体外；(2)苍蝇有两种特殊球蛋白杀菌力极强。
2. 列数字和作比较 , 说明苍蝇排便的速度快.
两种特殊的球蛋白 打比方 这两种特殊球蛋白杀菌力极强
3. “最近”一词不能删去。“最近”一词告诉我们这项发现是刚刚不久前的，如果删去了不符合实际. “最近”一词体现了说明文语言的准确性。
第二篇:《叙事性文章的阅读》{性文章阅读}.
叙事性文章的阅读
(A)
The teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle
C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.
During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre ____ not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas — and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.
My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me. I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.
Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication.
A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activities—and it did—but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.
Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favorite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted(多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil who has crossed her path.
65. Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhood and youth?
A. She lent her some serious classics. B. She cultivated her taste for music.
C. She discovered her talent for dancing. D. She introduced her to adult plays.
66. What does Archy & Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?
A. A book of great fun. B. A writer of high fame.
C. A serious masterpiece. D. A heartbreaking play.
67. Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ____.
A. develop her capabilities for writing. B. give her a chance to collect material
C. involve her in teenage social activities D. offer her a series of writing jobs.
68. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who _____.
A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplined
B. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potential
C. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils
D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learning
In 1974, after filling out fifty applications, going through four interviews, and winning one offer, I took what I could get —- a teaching job at what I considered a distant wild area ; western New Jersey. My characteristic optimism was alive only when I reminded myself that I would be doing what I had wanted to do since I was fourteen—- teaching English.
School started, but I felt more and more as if I were in a foreign country. Was this rural area really New Jersey? My studies took a week off when hunting season began. I was told they were also frequently absent in late October to help their fathers make hay on the farms. I was a young woman from New York City, who thought that ”Make hay while the sun shines”just meant to have a good time.
But, still, I was teaching English. I worked hard, taking time off only to eat and sleep. And then there was my sixth-grade class ——seventeen boys and five girls who were only six years younger than me. I had a problem long before I know it. I was struggling in my work as a young idealistic teacher. I wanted to make literature come alive and to promote a love of the written word. The students wanted to throw spitballs and whisper dirty words in the back of the room
In college I had been taught that a successful educator should ignore bad behavior. So I did, confident that, as the textbook had said, the bad behavior would disappear as I gave my students positive attention. It sounds reasonable, but the text evidently ignored the fact that humans, particularly teenagers, rarely seem reasonable. By the time my boss, who was also my taskmaster ,known to be the strictest, most demanding, most quick to fire inexperienced teachers, came into the classroom to observe me, the students exhibited very little good behavior to praise.
My boss sat in the back of the room. The boys in the class were making animal noises, hitting each other while the girls their nails or read magazines. I just pretended it all wasn’t happening, and went on lecturing and tried to ask some inspiring questions. My boss, sitting in the back of the room, seemed to be growing bigger and bigger. After twenty minutes he left, silently. Visions of unemployment marches before my eyes.
I felt mildly victorious that I got through the rest of class without crying, but at my next free period I had to face him. I wondered if he would let me finish out the day. I walked to his office, took a deep breath, and opened the door.
He was gitting in his chair, and he looked at me long and hard. I said nothing. All I could think of was that I was not an English teacher; I had been lying to myself, pretending that everything was fine.
When he spoke, he said simply, without accusation, “You had nothing to say to them.”
“You had nothing to say to them.” he repeated, “No wonder they’re bored. Why not get to the meat of the literature and stop talking about symbolism.” Talk with them, not at them. And more important, why do you ignore their bad behavior?” We talked. He named my problems and offered solutions. We role played. He was the bad student, and I was the forceful, yet warm, teacher.
As the year progressed, we spent many hours discussing literature and ideas about human being. And their attentions, he helped me identify my weakness and my strengths. In short, he
made a teacher of me by teaching me the reality of Emerson’s words: “The secret to education lies in respecting the pupil.”
Fifteen years later I still drive that same winding road to the same school. Thanks to the help I received that difficult first year, the school is my home now.
55. It can be inferred from the story that in 1974_______.
A. The writer became an optimistic person
B. The writer was very happy about her new job
C. It was rather difficult to get a job in the USA
D. It was easy to get a teaching job in New Jersey
56. According to the passage, which of the following is most probably the writher’s problem as a new teacher?
A. She had blind trust in what she learnt at college.
B. She didn’t ask experienced teachers for advice.
C. She took too much time off to eat and sleep.
D. She didn’t like teaching English literature
57.What is the writer’s biggest worry after her taskmaster’s observation of her class?
A.She might lose her teaching job.
B.She might lose her students’ respect
C.She couldn’t teach the same class any more.
D.She couldn’t ignore her students’ bad behavior any more
58.Which of the following gives the writher a sense of mild victory?
A.Her talk about symbolism sounded convincing
B.Her students behaved a little better than usual.
C.She managed to finish the class without crying.
D.She was invited for a talk by her boss after class.
59.The students behaved badly in the writer’s classed because_____.
A. they were eager to embarrass her
B. she did n’t really understand them
C. they did n’t regard her as a good teacher
D. she did n’t have a good command of English
60.The taskmaster’s attitude towards the writer after his observation of her class can be best described as________.
A. cruel but encouraging B. Fierce but forgiving
B. C.sincere and supportive D.angry and aggressive
For a while, my neighborhood was taken ever by an army of joggers(慢跑者). They were there all the time: early morning, noon, and evening. There were little old ladies in gray sweats, young couples in Adidas shoes, middle-aged men with red faces. “Come on!” My friend Alex encouraged me to join him as he jogged by my house every evening. “You’ll feel great.”
Well, I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day, anyone could. So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life, and not a day more. Based on my experience, jogging is the most overvalued form of exercise around, and judging from the number of the people who left our neighborhood jogging army. I’m not alone in my opinion.
First of all, jogging