【 – 高中作文】
篇一:《否定词与否定句》
否定词与否定句
作者:潘正凯
来源:《新高考·高二英语》2012年第05期
我们先来看一个笑话:
Wife: “There is nothing left in the refrigerator. Peter, Can you go shopping with me?” Husband: “Sorry, I can’t.”
Wife: “Why?”
Husband: “Because I haven’t finished reading the newspaper yet.”
Wife: “Then we can go after you finish reading it.”
Husband: “But I’m not sure how long it will take.”
Wife: “You don’t want to go with me, do you?”
Husband: “No, I don’t.”
Wife: “Why?”
Husband: “The supermarket is too far.”
Wife: “No road is far with your wife.”
Husband: “Actually, not everyone likes shopping.”
Wife: “But you said you liked shopping with me before we got married.”
Husband: “Since the fish has got hooked (上钩), why do I need the bait (鱼饵)?”
Wife: “What did you say?”
Husband: “No, nothing.”
Wife: “Even marrying a devil is better than marrying you.”
Husband: “It’s impossible. It’s forbidden for close relatives to get married.”
想必大家已经明白丈夫最后一句话的意思了。这则笑话含有很多否定句。今天,我们就来看看英语中否定句的构成。
1. 助动词 + not
该否定结构最为常见,也是大家最为熟悉的。
例如:You mustn’t let someone take advantage of your generosity or you’ll end up in the poorhouse. 不要让别人认为你的慷慨是理所当然,否则你将终老于救济院。
I didn’t use (=used not) to like music, but now I’m getting interested. 我以前不喜欢音乐,但是现在我很感兴趣。
祈使句的否定只需在动词前加don’t即可。
2. 否定副词seldom, never, hardly, rarely, little, few, none, nowhere, neither在句中可构成否定句。
例如:Taking a breath is such a common thing that we rarely even notice we are doing it. 呼吸是一件再普通不过的事情,以至于我们几乎没有注意我们正在做。
3. 非谓语动词的否定
非谓语动词的否定直接在分词前加not即可(不定式的否定为not to + 动词)。
例如:It’s unnecessary to worry about the unknown things in the future. 没有必要为未来未知的事情担忧。
Not knowing the language, she failed to understand what they were talking about. 语言不通,她不知道他们在说些什么。
When my father passed away, I regretted not having spent more time with him. 爸爸去世后,我后悔没有多抽出时间陪他。
4. 部分否定
当all, both, every, everyone, every day, everything, everywhere, many, always, completely等词与not连用时,是对一部分的否定,意为“并非都是,不是每个都是”。
例如:Not all is gold that glitters. 发光的不都是金子。
I don’t agree with all of you. 我并不完全同意你们所有人。
篇二:《几种带有否定词的比较句型》
几种带有否定词的比较句型
(2002-11-28 16:48:07)
刘 勇
英语中表示比较的句型相当多,如果句型中插进了一个否定词,其意义和用法就很难掌握,下面介绍几种常见的表达方式:
1.no better than:表示“和一样;实际等
于”,如:
He is no better than a beggar. 他实际上等于一个乞丐。
The invalid is no better than he was yesterday. 病人的情况和昨天一样。 He has no better a say in the matter than I have. 他和我一样在这件事上没有发言权。
2.not. . . any more than或no more. . . than:表示“同一样不”,如: I could no more do that than you. I could not do that any more than you. 你不能做这件事,我也不能做。
He is not a poet any more than I am a scholar. 我不是一个学者,他也不是一个诗人。
This story is no more interesting than that one. 这个故事和那个故事一样没有趣味。
He is no more able to read German than I am. 他和我一样都不懂德语。
3.not so much. . . as:表示“与其不如”
He is not so much a writer as a reporter. 他与其说是个作家,不如说是个记者。 Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as confuse us.
你的解释没有起到启发作用,反而把我们弄糊涂了。
Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it. 与其说海洋分隔了世界,不
如说海洋联结了世界。
I don't so much dislike him as hate him. 我与其说不喜欢他,不如说我恨他。
4.nothing like:表示“没有什么能比得上”
There is nothing like home. 金窝银窝,不如自己的草窝。
There is nothing like walking as a means of keeping fit. 没有比散步来保持健康更好的了。
There is nothing like leather for shoes. 做鞋用皮革再好没有了。
5.nothing like(或near)as(或so)… as:表示“远远不像那样”
This novel is nothing near so interesting as that one. 这篇小说远远不及那篇小说有趣。
The book is nothing like as difficult as I expected. 这本书远没有我想像的那么难懂。
His analysis of the poem is nothing like as penetrating as yours. 他对这首诗的分析远没有你的分析那样透彻。
6.no less than:表示“和一样”
He is no less active than he used to be. 他和从前一样活跃。
His mind is no less alert than yours. 他的思路和你的一样敏捷。
Our soldiers fought with no less daring than skill. 我们的士兵作战的英勇不亚于他们的战斗技能。
篇三:《否定词前缀》
一、un-是来自英语本族语的前缀,其英文意思为not,the opposite of。通常加在形容词、副词、名词、动词及分词之前,表示否定意义和相反的动作。用法如下:
1、un-加在词头为in-或im-的单词前
a.加在in-前:
Uninfluential uninformative unintelligent unintentional
unintelligable Uninterpretable uninteresting uninvolved
b.加在im-前:
Unimportant unimaginable unimpressible unimoressive
Unimproved unimagined{搜狗有否定词吗}.
2、un-加在以-able,-ful,-like,-ly,-some,-ing,-ed结尾的单词前
a.加在-able结尾的词前:
unfinishable undesirable unmatchable unexplainable{搜狗有否定词吗}.
unexpectable untranslatable{搜狗有否定词吗}.
b.加在-ful结尾的词前:
unhealthful unfruitful unhelpful unmindful
unpainful unskillful unsucceessful unuseful
c.加在-like结尾的词前:
unstatesmanlike unsportsrnanlike
d.加在-some结尾的词前:
unhandsome untroublesome
e.加在-ly结尾的词前:
unbrotherly unshapely unsightly unworldly unwomanly unmannerly
f.加在-ing结尾的词前:
unharming ungiving unloving unfeeling unmeaning unmoving
g.加在-ed结尾的词前:
unmoved unspoiled unhandled unfixed unexpressed unexpected
3、un-还可以加在-ed分词+介词或副词的词前:
unheard-of unhoped-for unmade-up uncared-for
4、“un+名词+ful” 形式的形容词常和“名词+less”形式的形容词表达相同的意思。例如:unfaithful=faithless,unuseful=useless等。但也有例外,如hopeless,thoughtless就没有相应的unhopeful,unthoughtful。
5. 在现代英语中,un-的使用范围日趋广泛,几乎可以任意地加在形容词前构成反义词。如:unalike, uncool, uncooperative等。 6. 近年来,un-又增添了新的含义。如:unbook指买来不是为读而是为送人的书;unperson指政治上失宠并遭清洗的官员。
二、in-是来自拉丁语的前缀,其英文含义为the opposite of, not, 表示“相反”的意思。常加在形容词前构成反义词。除了in-这一基本形式外,由于音同化的影响,还有其它3种词素变体(allomorph):il-, im-和ir-, 共有4种形式。其用法有下面4条细则:
1、il-用于l开头的单词,如: illegal illiterate illogical
2. im-用于b, m, p开头的单词,如: imbalance immortal imperfect
3. ir-用于r开头的单词,如: irresponsible irregular irrelevant
4. in-用于其它字母开头的单词,如:
inactive incorrect inexperience inhuman injustice insecure
拉丁语前缀in-在过去非常盛行,现在却变为了非能产性的,不能再与英语本族语的同义词前缀un-抗衡。在现代英语中,几乎所有的形容词和分词都可以加un-这个前缀。因此,
在用法上要注意in-和un-的区别。
(1)in-这个前缀来自拉丁语,因而明显地带有拉丁词尾-ate,-ant,-ent,-ite,-ible等的词用in-,例如:inappropriate,incessant,incoherent,indefinite,invisible,但也有例外的,如:unfortunate。
(2)以im-或in-为词头的单词不能再用in-,只能用un-,例如:unimaginable,unimpressive,uninfluential,unintelligent。
(3)以-able,-ed,-ful,-ing,-like,-ly,-some结尾的词多用un-,例如:unfashionable,unhatched,unsuccessful,unharming,unstatesmanlike,unworthily,untroublesome。
(4)凡是已固定加了拉丁前缀in-的形容词,通常不能改用un-,例如:inactive,inaudible,infillable
篇四:《汉语否定词“不”和”没(没有)”语义区别的认知分析》
龙源期刊网 .cn
汉语否定词“不”和”没(没有)”语义区别的认知分析
作者:刘顺华 娄仁彪
来源:《语言文字学》2015年第06期
摘要:本文在认知语言学的背景下,利用事件语义学理论,从空间位移事件和时间位移事件两个维度分析了“不”和“没(没有)”的语义差别,发现“不”表示的是说话者站在位移事件起点对未然事件进行否定,“没(没有)”表示的是说话者站在位移事件终点对已然事件进行否定的否定词;“不”表示该事件在时间轴上没有界线、无内在终点,“没(没有)”表示是该事件在时间轴上有界线、有内在终点。
关键词:“不”,“没(没有)”,语义区别,认知
“不”和“(没)没有”是现代汉语最基本的两个否定词,二者意义之间的区别,大致有以下三个方面的探讨:第一种从主、客观的角度,认为“不”表示说话者对事件的主观否定,“没(没有)”表示说话者对客观事实的陈述,如白荃等。第二种从表时方面,认为“不”用于现在和将来时,“没”用于过去和现在时,如聂仁发等。第三种是对以上两种观点的综合,如吕叔湘等。但以上研究都未明确区分出“不”和“(没)没有”的语义区别,更未对其进行解释。功能主义语言学中的事件语义学理论从位移事件的空间和时间两个方面可以更好地解释和验证“不”和“没(没有)”的语义差别。
一、位移事件的空间层面
位移事件由于需从起点位移至终点,因此存在空间属性。人们在报告某个移位事件时,会因所参照点不同而选用不同词汇。反之,有些词语本身就会在空间上体现出某一优势位置作为其意义的一个内在属性,如“楼上”、“外面”。除了这些方位词,否定副词“不”和“没(没有)”也同样包含一定的优势位置属性。在空间层面,否定副词“不”和“没(没有)”的语义区别就是由于说话者的视角不同而产生的。“不”是说话者站在起点来论述某一位移事件,“没(没有)”是事说话者站在终点来论述某一位移事件。我们以包含空间位移意义的动作动词“来”为例句核心动词,举例如下:
(1)他不来。;;;;;(2)他没来。
这两句都是说话者表示主人公“他”没有到达现场这一事件。传统语义学从主客观的角度将这两句区别为前者是对客观事实的否定,后者是对主观意愿的否定,未具体分析“没”与“不”的语义区别。从事件语义学的角度看,“他来”代表一个位移事件,位移主体是“他”,“他”从离说话者较远的一处移动到离说话者较近的另一处。例(1)表示“他来”这一事件尚未发生,处于起点位置,因此表明说话者站在位移事件的起点上否定“他来”这一事件,即说话者陈述“他来”
篇五:《一般的否定疑问句是会出现否定词的》
一般的否定疑问句是会出现否定词的,例如,don't,doesn't,didn't或者是nothing.
反意疑问句的用法如下,1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?{搜狗有否定词吗}.
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。 He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。 We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?{搜狗有否定词吗}.
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。 Everything is ready, isn't it?
14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he? b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定: He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。 We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意: Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
20)must在表"推测"时,根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must be there now, isn't he?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?{搜狗有否定词吗}.
快速记忆表
陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主语
no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词 肯定含义
ought to(肯定的) shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主语
must 根据实际情况而定
感叹句中 be +主语
Neither…nor, either…or 根据其实际逻辑意义而定
指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this 主语用it
并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定 主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句 everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he 情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语
省去主语的祈使句 will you?
Let's 开头的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)
否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式