【 – 高中作文】
篇一:《与激光有关的英文文献》
Laser technology
R. E. Slusher Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974
Laser technology during the 20th century is reviewed emphasizing the laser’s evolution from science to technology and subsequent contributions of laser technology to science. As the century draws to a close, lasers are making strong contributions to communications, materials processing, data storage, image recording, medicine, and defense. Examples from these areas demonstrate the stunning impact of laser light on our society. Laser advances are helping to generate new science as illustrated by several examples in physics and biology. Free-electron lasers used for materials processing and laser accelerators are described as developing laser technologies for the next century.
[S0034-6861(99)02802-0]
1. INTRODUCTION
Light has always played a central role in the study of physics, chemistry, and biology. Light is key to both the evolution of the universe and to the evolution of life on earth. This century a new form of light, laser light, has been discovered on our small planet and is already facilitating a global information transformation as well as providing important contributions to medicine, industrial material processing, data storage, printing, and defense. This review will trace the developments in science and technology that led to the invention of the laser and give a few examples of how lasers are contributing to both technological applications and progress in basic science. There are many other excellent sources that cover various aspects of the lasers and laser technology including articles from the 25th anniversary of the laser (Ausubell and Langford, 1987) and textbooks (e.g., Siegman, 1986; Agrawal and Dutta, 1993; and Ready, 1997).
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER) is achieved by exciting the electronic, vibrational, rotational, or cooperative modes of a material into a nonequilibrium state so that photons propagating through the system are amplified coherently by stimulated emission. Excitation of this optical gain medium can be accomplished by using optical radiation, electrical current and discharges, or chemical reactions. The amplifying medium is placed in an optical resonator structure, for example between two high reflectivity mirrors in a Fabry-Perot interferometer configuration. When the gain in photon number for an optical mode of the cavity resonator exceeds the cavity loss, as well as loss from nonradiative and absorption processes, the coherent state amplitude of the mode increases to a level where the mean photon number in the mode is larger than one. At pump levels above this threshold condition,the system is lasing and stimulated emission dominates spontaneous emission. A laser beam is typically coupled out of the resonator by a partially transmitting mirror. The wonderfully useful properties of laser radiation include spatial coherence, narrow spectral emission, high power, and well-defined spatial modes so that the beam can be focused to a diffraction-limited spot size in order to achieve very high intensity. The high efficiency of laser light generation is important in many applications that require low power input and a
minimum of heat generation.
When a coherent state laser beam is detected using photon-counting techniques, the photon count distribution in time is Poissonian. For example, an audio output from a high efficiency photomultiplier detecting a laser field sounds like rain in a steady downpour. This laser noise can be modified in special cases, e.g., by constant current pumping of a diode laser to obtain a squeezed number state where the detected photons sound more like a machine gun than rain. An optical amplifier is achieved if the gain medium is not in a resonant cavity. Optical amplifiers can achieve very high gain and low noise. In fact they presently have noise figures within a few dB of the 3 dB quantum noise limit for a phase-insensitive linear amplifier, i.e., they add little more than a factor of two to the noise power of an input signal. Optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs), where signal gain is achieved by nonlinear coupling of a pump field with signal modes, can be configured to add less than 3 dB of noise to an input signal. In an OPA the noise added to the input signal can be dominated by pump noise and the noise contributed by a laser pump beam can be negligibly small compared to the large amplitude of the pump field.
2. HISTORY
Einstein (1917) provided the first essential idea for the laser, stimulated emission. Why wasn’t the laser invented earlier in the century? Much of the early work on stimulated emission concentrates on systems near equilibrium, and the laser is a highly nonequilibrium system. In retrospect the laser could easily have been conceived and demonstrated using a gas discharge during the period of intense spectroscopic studies from 1925 to 1940. However, it took the microwave technology developed during World War II to create the atmosphere for thelaser concept. Charles Townes and his group at Columbia conceived the maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) idea, based on their background in microwave technology and their interest in high-resolution microwave spectroscopy. Similar maser ideas evolved in Moscow (Basov and Prokhorov, 1954) and at the University of Maryland (Weber, 1953). The first experimentally demonstrated maser at Columbia University (Gordon et al., 1954, 1955) was based on an ammonia molecular beam. Bloembergen’s ideas for gain in three level systems resulted in the first practical maser amplifiers in the ruby system. These devices have noise figures very close to the quantum limit and were used by Penzias and Wilson in the discovery of the cosmic background radiation.
Townes was confident that the maser concept could be extended to the optical region (Townes, 1995). The laser idea was born (Schawlow and Townes, 1958) when he discussed the idea with Arthur Schawlow, who understood that the resonator modes of a Fabry-Perot interferometer could reduce the number of modes interacting with the gain material in order to achieve high gain for an individual mode. The first laser was demonstrated in a flash lamp pumped ruby crystal by Ted Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories (Maiman, 1960). Shortly after the demonstration of pulsed crystal lasers, a continuouswave (CW) He:Ne gas discharge laser was demonstrated at Bell Laboratories (Javan et al., 1961), first at 1.13 mm and later at
the red 632.8 nm wavelength lasing transition. An excellent article on the birth of the laser is published in a special issue of Physics Today (Bromberg, 1988).
The maser and laser initiated the field of quantum electronics that spans the disciplines of physics and electrical engineering. For physicists who thought primarily
in terms of photons, some laser concepts were difficult to understand without the coherent wave concepts familiar in the electrical engineering community. For example, the laser linewidth can be much narrower than the limit that one might think to be imposed by the laser transition spontaneous lifetime. Charles Townes won a bottle of scotch over this point from a colleague at Columbia. The laser and maser also beautifully demonstrate the interchange of ideas and impetus between industry, government, and university research.
Initially, during the period from 1961 to 1975 there were few applications for the laser. It was a solution looking for a problem. Since the mid-1970s there has been an explosive growth of laser technology for industrial applications. As a result of this technology growth, a new generation of lasers including semiconductor diode lasers, dye lasers, ultrafast mode-locked Ti:sapphire lasers, optical parameter oscillators, and parametric amplifiers is presently facilitating new research breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, and biology.
3. LASERS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY
Schawlow’s ‘‘law’’ states that everything lases if pumped hard enough. Indeed thousands of materials have been demonstrated as lasers and optical amplifiers resulting in a large range of laser sizes, wavelengths, pulse lengths, and powers. Laser wavelengths range from the far infrared to the x-ray region. Laser light pulses as short as a few femtoseconds are available for research on materials dynamics. Peak powers in the petawatt range are now being achieved by amplification of femtosecond pulses. When these power levels are focused into a diffraction-limited spot, the intensities approach 1023 W/cm2. Electrons in these intense fields are accelerated into the relativistic range during a single optical cycle, and interesting quantum electrodynamic effects can be studied. The physics of ultrashort laser pulses is reviewed is this centennial series (Bloembergen, 1999).
A recent example of a large, powerful laser is the chemical laser based on an iodine transition at a wavelength of 1.3 mm that is envisioned as a defensive weapon (Forden, 1997). It could be mounted in a Boeing 747 aircraft and would produce average powers of 3 megawatts, equivalent to 30 acetylene torches. New advances in high quality dielectric mirrors and deformable mirrors allow this intense beam to be focused reliably on a small missile carrying biological or chemical agents and destroy it from distances of up to 100 km. This ‘‘star wars’’ attack can be accomplished during the launch phase of the target missile so that portions of the destroyed missile would fall back on its launcher, quite a good deterrent for these evil weapons. Captain Kirk and the starship Enterprise may be using this one on the Klingons!
At the opposite end of the laser size range are microlasers so small that only a few optical modes are contained in a resonator with a volume in the femtoliter range. These resonators can take the form of rings or disks only a few microns in diameter
that use total internal reflection instead of conventional dielectric stack mirrors in order to obtain high reflectivity. Fabry-Perot cavities only a fraction of a micron in length are used for VCSELs (vertical cavity surface emitting lasers) that generate high quality optical beams that can be efficiently coupled to optical fibers (Choquette and Hou, 1997). VCSELs may find widespread application in optical data links.
4. MATERIALS PROCESSING AND LITHOGRAPHY
High power CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers are used for a wide variety of engraving, cutting, welding, soldering, and 3D prototyping applications. rf-excited, sealed off CO2 lasers are commercially available that have output powers in the 10 to 600 W range and have lifetimes of over 10 000 hours. Laser cutting applications include sailclothes, parachutes, textiles, airbags, and lace. The cutting is very quick, accurate, there is no edge discoloration, and a clean fused edge is obtained that eliminates
fraying of the material. Complex designs are engraved in wood, glass, acrylic, rubber stamps, printing plates, plexiglass, signs, gaskets, and paper. Threedimensional models are quickly made from plastic or wood using a CAD (computer-aided design) computer file.
Fiber lasers (Rossi, 1997) are a recent addition to the materials processing field. The first fiber lasers were demonstrated at Bell Laboratories using crystal fibers in an effort to develop lasers for undersea lightwave communications. Doped fused silica fiber lasers were soon developed. During the late 1980s researchers at Polaroid Corp. and at the University of Southampton invented cladding-pumped fiber lasers. The glass surrounding the guiding core in these lasers serves both to guide the light in the single mode core and as a multimode conduit for pump light whose propagation is confined to the inner cladding by a low-refractive index outer polymer cladding. Typical operation schemes at present use a multimode 20 W diode laser bar that couples efficiently into the large diameter inner cladding region and is absorbed by the doped core region over its entire length (typically 50 m). The dopants in the core of the fiber that provide the gain can be erbium for the 1.5 mm wavelength region or ytterbium for the 1.1 mm region. High quality cavity mirrors are deposited directly on the ends of the fiber. These fiber lasers are extremely efficient, with overall efficiencies as high as 60%. The beam quality and delivery efficiency is excellent since the output is formed as the single mode output of the fiber. These lasers now have output powers in the 10 to 40 W range and lifetimes of nearly 5000 hours. Current applications of these lasers include annealing micromechanical components, cutting of 25 to 50 mm thick stainless steel parts, selective soldering and welding of intricate mechanical parts, marking plastic and metal components, and printing applications.
Excimer lasers are beginning to play a key role in photolithography used to fabricate VLSI (very large scale integrated circuit) chips. As the IC (integrated circuit) design rules decrease from 0.35 mm (1995) to 0.13 mm (2002), the wavelength of the light source used for photolithographic patterning must correspondingly decrease from 400 nm to below 200 nm. During the early 1990s mercury arc radiation produced enough power at sufficiently short wavelengths of 436 nm and 365 nm for high production rates of IC devices patterned to 0.5 mm and 0.35 mm
design rules respectively. As the century closes excimer laser sources with average output powers in the 200 W range are replacing the mercury arcs. The excimer laser linewidths are broad enough to prevent speckle pattern formation, yet narrow enough, less than 2 nm wavelength width, to avoid major problems with dispersion in optical imaging. The krypton fluoride (KF) excimer laser radiation at 248 nm wavelength supports 0.25 mm design rules and the ArF laser transition at 193nm will probably be used beginning with 0.18 mm design rules. At even smaller design rules, down to 0.1 mm by 2008, the F2 excimer laser wavelength at 157 nm is a possible candidate, although there are no photoresists developed for this wavelength at present. Higher harmonics of solid-state lasers are also possibilities as high power UV sources. At even shorter wavelengths it is very difficult for optical elements and photoresists to meet the requirements in the lithographic systems. Electron beams, x-rays and synchrotron radiation are still being considered for the 70 nm design rules anticipated for 2010 and beyond.
5. LASERS IN PHYSICS
Laser technology has stimulated a renaissance in spectroscopies throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. The narrow laser linewidth, large powers, short pulses, and broad range of wavelengths has allowed new dynamic and spectral studies of gases, plasmas, glasses, crystals, and liquids. For example, Raman scattering studies of phonons, magnons, plasmons, rotons, and excitations in 2D electron gases have flourished since the invention of the laser. Nonlinear laser spectroscopies have resulted in great increases in precision measurement as described in an article in this volume (Ha¨nsch and Walther 1999).
Frequency-stabilized dye lasers and diode lasers precisely tuned to atomic transitions have resulted in ultracold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates, also described in this volume (Wieman et al., 1999). Atomicstate control and measurements of atomic parity nonconservation have reached a precision that allows tests of the standard model in particle physics as well as crucial searches for new physics beyond the standard model. In recent parity nonconservation experiments (Wood et al., 1997) Ce atoms are prepared in specific electronic states as they pass through two red diode laser beams. These prepared atoms then enter an optical cavity resonator where the atoms are excited to a higher energy level by high-intensity green light injected into the cavity from a frequency-stabilized dye laser. Applied electric and magnetic fields in this excitation region can be reversed to create a mirrored environment for the atoms. After the atom exits the excitation region, the atom excitation rate is measured by a third red diode laser. Very small changes in this excitation rate with a mirroring of the applied electric and magnetic fields indicate parity nonconservation. The accuracy of the parity nonconservation measurement has evolved over several decades to a level of 0.35%. This measurement accuracy corresponds to the first definitive isolation of nuclear-spin-dependent atomic parity violation.
篇二:《激光器中英文名词解释》
横模（transvers mode）
激光是沿着激光器光轴方向传播的，其电场很接近于和轴向垂直，所以称为TEMmn模（是英文横向电磁的缩写），也称横向电磁模式，脚标m、n是光束截面x、y方向上的波节数。横模很容易观察，只需把光束截面积放大就可以观察到。其起因较复杂，如稍偏离轴向走Z形的光经多次反射仍未偏出腔外能符合干涉加强的条件，结果就产生各种复杂图样。其中TEM00模也称基模或单相模是用得最多的，因为⑴其光束截面上的光通量密度是理想的高斯型；⑵光束截面上各点的电场没有相位移动，因此是完全空间相干的；⑶光束的发散角最小，这种模式可以聚焦成最小的光点。 参数中英文对照
产品主要技术参数：{激光的英语作文}.
篇三:《激光发展史(英文文献)》
China's laser technology development Retrospect and Prospect
"Laser" is "LASER" translation. LASER was originally Light amplification by stimulated emissi on of radiation from a combination of the prefix specific terms, in our country has been translated into "Laise," "lasing light," and "optical amplifier by stimulated emission." 1964, Qian Xuesen academicians proposal named "Laser", reflects not only the "stimulated emission," the scientific connotation, and that it is a very strong source of new, appropriate, vivid and concise, by the Chinese scientific community consensus and in use ever since.
From the 1961 China first laser that has successfully developed throughout the country, laser research, teaching, production and use of units under joint efforts, China has formed a complete range, the advanced level, the application of laser technology to a wide range of fields, and made the industrialization of encouraging progress for China's science and technology, national defense and national economy and made positive contributions in the international arena has also gain a place.
China's early development of laser technology
1957, in Changchun Wang Shouguan, such as China's first professional optical Institute – the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Changchun) optical precision instruments Machinery Research Institute ( "-ray machine"). In the older generation of experts under the leadership of a number of young science and technology workers will grow rapidly, Deng Ximing is one of the outstanding representatives. As early as in 1958 the United States physicist Xiaoluo, Townes on the principle of laser famous paper published soon, he will actively promote this new technology research carried out in a short time the combination of the innovative spirit of the young and middle-aged research team proposed substantial increase brightness light source, color units, coherence of ideas and experimental programmes. 1960 World first laser come out. Summer 1961, under the auspices of Wang Jiang, China's first ruby laser developed. Within a short space of a few years, laser technology developed rapidly, and produce a number of advanced achievements. Various types of solids, gases, chemicals and semiconductor lasers have been successfully developed. In the basic research and key technologies, a series of new concepts, new methods and new technologies (such as mutation and cavity Q-to-Q, traveling wave amplification, Re-use system, free electron oscillations radiation, etc.) have been put forward and implemented, and many of them are unique.
At the same time, as a high-brightness, high-directional, high-quality, and other advanced features of the new light source, laser used in various technical fields quickly, demonstrating a strong vitality and competitiveness. Communications, in September 1964 by television pictures transmitted laser demonstration, in November 1964 to achieve 3 to 30 km calls. Industries, in May 1965 laser drilling machine successfully used Drawing Die Blanking production, acquisition significant economic benefits. Medicine, June 1965 retinal laser welding for the animals and conduct clinical trials. National defense, in December 1965 successfully developed laser rangefinder Diffuse Reflectance (accuracy of 10 meters / 10 km), in April 1966 developed remote control pulse laser Doppler velocimeter.
Along with the theory study of the laser self-mixing interference becoming maturer higher increasingly, the application in vibration, micro-displacement and velocity measure based on this technology become broader. The technic requires real-time acquisition and processing for the laser interferometer signal. The data acquisition and processing system of traditional vibrometer is structural complex, high cost and difficult to carry. With the high running speed and high-precision computing, digital signal processor(DSP) is suitable for the laser self-mixing interference signal acquisition and processing. In this paper, the technology of laser self-mixing interference modulated by triangular wave current is researched. It studies theoretical model of the vibration system and uses Matlab for algorithms simulation and error analysis, also discusses how to minish the error. A data acquisition and processing system which adopts TMS320LF2407A DSP from TI as a central processor is designed. The designing and realization plan of system for hardware is proposed in detail, including DSP mini system, DSP and ADC interface circuit, signal conditioning circuit, LCD display module and DSP interface circuit, RS232 communication circuit etc, technology on hardware designing is also discusssed in the dissertation. The designing and realizing process of system for software is analyzed as followed, which consists of application of CCS, planning of CMD document, data acquisition and processing module, LCD display module and serial communication module based on Matlab. Practice shows that this data acquisition and processing system can withstand stable operation, satisfy the demand of the high-speed alternating laser self-mixing interference signal and reconstructs the vibration waveform of detected objects. Because of the DSP technology, the cost of vibrometer greatly reduced and simplified structure, easy to carry. It also provides the conditions for the vibrometer which is based on laser self-mixing interference to small, intelligence, and portable. It has a wide application prospect.
Brief introduction of51MCU
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Function characteristic
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC：Supply voltage.
GND：Ground.
Port 0：
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes during programverification. External pullups are required during programverification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port
2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special
features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.{激光的英语作文}.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or
篇四:《一点激光、光电、光学相关词汇的中英文对照》
A01光学材料：
A01-001 光学材料 Optical Materials
A01-002 光学玻璃 Optical Glass
A01-003 激光玻璃 Laser Glass
A01-004 声光玻璃 Acousto-Optic Glass
A01-005 红外线玻璃 Infrared Glass
A01-006 红外线材料 Infrared Materials
A01-007 紫外线材料 Ultraviolet Materials{激光的英语作文}.
A01-008 石英镜片 Fused Silica Glass
A01-009 光学陶瓷 Ceramics
A01-010 矽半导体材料 Silicon Semiconductor Materials
A01-011 化合物半导体材料 Compound Semiconductor Materials
A01-012 光纤材料 Fiber Optic Materials
A01-013 光纤预型体 Fiber Optic Preforms
A01-014 PLZT晶圆，钛酸锆酸铅晶圆 PLZT Wafers
A01-015 环氧树脂 Epoxies
A01-016 声光光学晶体 Acousto-Optic Crystals
A01-017 双折射/偏光晶体 Birefringent and Polarizing Crystals
A01-018 电光光学晶体 Electro-Optic Crystals
A01-019 红外线晶体 Infrared Crystals
A01-020 激光晶体 (YAG) YAG Laser Crystals
A01-021 激光晶体(亚历山大) Alexandrite Laser Crystals
A01-022 激光晶体(GGG) GGG Laser Crystals
A01-023 激光晶体(GSGG,GSAG) GSGG GSAG Laser Crystals
A01-024 激光晶体(YLF) YLF Laser Crystals
A01-025 激光晶体(其他) Other Laser Crystals
A01-026 非线性光学晶体 Nonlinear Crystals
A01-027 有机光学材料 Organic Optical Materials
A01-028 萤光放射晶体 Fluorescent Emission Crystals
A01-029 结晶育成材料 Crystals Growing Materials
A01-030 镀膜材料 Coating Materials
A01-031 光罩材料 Photomask Materials
A01-032 真空蒸镀化学药品 Vaccum Evaporation Chemicals
A01-033 感光剂 Sensitizers
A01-034 影像用材料 Materials for Imaging
A01-035 热色材料 Thermochromic Materials
A01-036 光色材料 Photochromic Materials
A01-037 稀土族材料 Rare Earth Materials
A01-038 光碟基板，基板材料 Optical Disk Substrate Materials
A01-039 光碟记录材料 Optical Disk Data Storage Materials
A02加工用其他材料 ：
A02 加工用其他材料 MATERIALS FOR PROCESSING
A02-001 光学用胶合剂/接著剂 Optical Cements and Adhesives
A02-002 光学用气体 Gases for Optical Application
A02-003 激光用气体 Gases for Lasers
A02-004 光学研磨材料(研磨布纸) Optical-Coated Abrasive
A02-005 光学研磨材料(砥粒) Optical-Powder or Grin Abrasive
A02-006 光学研磨材料(砥石) Optical-Wheel Abrasive
A02-007 研磨化合物 Polishing Compounds
A02-008 研磨衬垫及布 Polishing Pads and Cloth
A02-009 全像底片及感光板 Holographic Films and Plates
A02-010 红外线底片及感光板 Infrared Films and Plates
A02-011 相片用化学药品 Photographic Chemicals
A02-012 折射率液 Refractive Index Liquids
A02-013 显微镜浸液 Microscope Immerison Liquids
A02-014 显微镜埋置用材料 Microscope Imbedding Media
A02-015 激光用染料 Laser Dyes
A02-016 冷媒 Coolants
A02-017 拭镜纸 Lens Tissue
A03 显示器用材料：
A03 显示器用材料 MATERIALS FOR DISPLAY
A03-001 液晶 Liquid Crystals
A03-002 导电膜玻璃基板 ITO Glass Substrate
A03-003 彩色滤光片 Color Filter
A03-004 偏光板/相位差板 Polarizer/ Phase Shift Layer
A03-005 显示面板用驱动IC Driver IC
A03-006 背光源 Backlight
A03-007 配向膜 Alignment Film
A03-008 间隔物Spacer
B01 透镜 ：
B01 透镜 LENSES
B01-001 单透镜 Simple (Single) Lenses
B01-002 球透镜 Ball Lenses
B01-003 歪像透镜 Anamorphic Lenses
B01-004 圆锥透镜 Conical Lenses
B01-005 柱状透镜，环形透镜 Cylindrical & Toroidal Lenses
B01-006 非球面透镜 Aspheric Lenses
B01-007 反射折射透镜 Catadioptric Lenses
B01-008 绕射极限透镜 Diffraction-Limited Lenses
B01-009 GRIN透镜 GRIN Lenses (Graduated Refractive Index Rod)
B01-010 微小透镜阵列 Micro Lens Arrays{激光的英语作文}.
B01-011 准直透镜 Collimator Lenses
B01-012 聚光透镜 Condenser Lenses
B01-013 多影像透镜 Multiple Image Lenses
B01-014 傅利叶透镜 Fourier Lenses B01-015 菲涅尔透镜 Fresnel Lenses
B01-016 替续透镜 Relay Lenses
B01-017 大口径透镜(直径150mm以上) Large Aperture Lenses (150mm)
B01-018 复合透镜 Complex Lenses
B01-019 红外线透镜 Infrared Lenses
B01-020 紫外线透镜 Ultraviolet Lenses
B01-021 激光透镜 Laser Lenses
B01-022 望远镜对物镜 Telescope Objectives Lenses
B01-023 显微镜对物镜 Microscope Objectives Lenses
B01-024 接目镜 Eyepieces Lenses
B01-025 向场透镜 Field Lenses
B01-026 望远镜头 Telephoto Lenses
B01-027 广角镜头 Wide Angle Lenses
B01-028 可变焦伸缩镜头 Variable Focal Length Zoom Lenses
B01-029 CCTV镜头 CCTV Lenses
B01-030 影印机镜头 Copy Machine Lenses
B01-031 传真机镜头 Facsimile Lenses
B01-032 条码扫描器镜头 Bar Code Scanner Lenses
B01-033 影像扫描器镜头 Image Scanner Lenses
B01-034 光碟机读取头透镜 Pick-up Head Lenses
B01-035 APS相机镜头 APS Camera Lenses
B01-036 数位相机镜头 Digital Still Camera Lenses
B01-037 液晶投影机镜头 Liquid Crystal Projector Lenses
B02 镜 面 ：
B02 镜 面 MIRROR
B02-001 平面镜 Flat Mirrors
B02-002 球面凹面镜，球面凸面镜 Spherical Concave and Convex Mirrors{激光的英语作文}.
B02-003 抛物面镜，椭圆面镜 Off-Axis Paraboloids and Ellipsoids Mirrors
B02-004 非球面镜 Aspheric Mirrors
B02-005 多面镜 Polygonal Mirrors
B02-006 热镜 Hot Mirrors
B02-007 冷镜 Cold Mirrors
B02-008 玻璃，玻璃/陶瓷面镜 Glass and Glass-Ceramic Mirrors
B02-009 双色向面镜 Dichroic Mirror
B02-010 金属面镜 Metal Mirrors
B02-011 多层面镜 Multilayer Mirrors
B02-012 半涂银面镜 Half-Silvered Mirrors
B02-013 激光面镜 Laser Mirrors
B02-014 天文用面镜 Astronomical Mirrors
B02-099 其他面镜 Other Mirrors
B03 棱镜 ：
B03 棱镜 PRISM
B03-001 Nicol棱镜 Nicol Prisms
B03-002 Glan-Thomson棱镜 Glan-Thomson Prisms
B03-003 Wollaston棱镜 Wollaston Prisms
B03-004 Rochon棱镜 Rochon Prisms
B03-005 直角棱镜 Right-Angle; Rectangular Prisms
B03-006 五面棱镜 Pentagonal Prisms
B03-007 脊角棱镜