【 – 小学作文】
【篇一】高中英语语法知识点大全
高中英语语法大全-精讲教程
第一主题 高中英语语法系统全解(一)
第1章 动词时态 2-4楼
第2章 被动语态 5-7 楼
第3章 虚拟语气 9-11 楼
第4章 情态动词 12-16楼
第5章 动词不定式 17-20 楼
第6章 动词的ing形式 21-24楼
第7章 过去分词 25-27楼
第8章 独立主格结构 28-30楼
第9章 名词性从句 31-33楼
第10章 定语从句 35-40楼
第11章 状语从句(一) 40-45楼
第11章 状语从句(二)
第12章 直接引语和间接引语
第13章 倒装
第14章 强 调
第15章 省略
第16章 主谓一致
动词时态-- 一般时 第一章 动词时态(一)
在英语中,不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,这就叫做动词的时态。
一、一般时
一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。
A.一般现在时
1. 一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时,动词后面要加-s或-es。 They want good jobs.
他们想要好的工作。
The coat matches the dress.
外衣和裙子很相配。
This work does not satisfy me.
这项工作我不满意。
Do you understand?
你懂了吗?
2.一般现在时的用法
①一般现在时的基本用法
a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态
He always takes a walk after supper.
晚饭后他总是散散步。
Everyone is in high spirits now.
现在大家都情绪高涨。
b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳从东方升起在西方落下。
Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.
声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。
Time and tide wait for no man.
时间不等人。
c. 表示主语的特征、能力和状态
This cloth feels soft.
这布摸上去很软。
I love classical music.
我喜欢古典音乐。
The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.
看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。
d. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作
The meeting begins at 7:00.
会议七点钟开始。
We leave here at 8:00 sharp.
我们八点整离开这里。
e. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来动作
When you come next time, bring me some magazines.
你下次来时,给我带几本杂志。
If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话,我们明天去那里。
Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.
不管他同意与否,我都会待在家里。
②一般现在时的特殊用法
a. 用于新闻标题或图片说明中
China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful
中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功
Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow
劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科
b. 用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中
Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.
弗朗西斯穿过去,把球传给姚明,姚明跳起来,接住球投进篮里。
Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.
现在,看,我按下按扭,打开了这台机器。
c. 表示告诫或劝说
You mind your own business.
你不要管闲事!
If he does that again, he goes to prison.
如果他再那样的话,他就会进监狱的。
d. 表示现在瞬间的动作
Here comes the bus.
汽车来了。
There goes the bell.
铃响了。
B.一般过去时
1. 一般过去时的构成
一般过去时是用动词的过去式来表示。
His words fetched a laugh from all present.
他的话使在场的人都笑了。
I did not sleep well last night.
我昨晚没睡好。
Did you direct the tourist to the hotel?
你告诉这位游客去旅馆的路了吗?
2.一般过去时的用法
①一般过去时的基本用法
a. 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态
He suddenly fell ill yesterday.
昨天他突然生病了。
The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.
发动机因燃料用光而停机了。
注意:
在一般过去时的句子中,通常都要有表示过去的时间状语。
【误】I visited the Palace Museum.(在没有上下文的情况下,应避免这样说)
【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.
去年我参观过故宫博物院。
【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.
我参观过故宫博物院。
b. 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态
I wrote home once a week at college.
我上大学时每周给家里写一封信。
He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.
他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。
提示:
表示过去的习惯性动作,除了用过去式外,还可以用used to或would来表示。 She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.
她上高三时经常学习到深夜。
He would sit for hours doing nothing.
过去他常常一坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
c. 表示过去连续发生的一系列动作
She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully. 她走进房间,拿起一本杂志,认真地翻阅了起来。
The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.
学生们很早起床,做早操,然后在室外朗读英语。
d. 在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将要发生的动作
We would not leave until the teacher came back.
老师回来我们才会离开。
She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.
她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话,她就不去了。
②一般过去时的特殊用法
a. 在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态
It's time we went.
是我们该走的时候了。
I wish I were twenty years younger.
但愿我年轻20岁。
【篇二】高中英语语法知识点大全
高中英语语法知识点总结
高中英语知识点扫描大全 涛哥
一、定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解
1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains.
A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were
【陷阱】容易误选A或B,将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。
【分析】最佳答案是C,around which were high mountains 是一个由―介词+which‖引出的非限制性定语从句,而在该从句中,主语是 high mountains,around which 是表语,所以句子谓语应用复数were,而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目(答案均为C):
(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops.
A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are
(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.
A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are
2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, ―Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?‖
A. that B. which C. where D. what
【陷阱】容易误选 B,认为 around 是介词,选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital,在此用作介词 around 的宾语。
【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错,但问题是,照此分析,此句的意思即为:有没有这样一个医院,我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤?这样的语境显然有点不合情理,因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤,而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是:句中的 around 不是介词,而是副词,意为―在附近‖;其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital,句意为:附近有没有一家医院,我可以去治我的手伤?
3. David is such a good boy _________ all the teachers like. A. that B. who C. as D. whom
【陷阱】此题容易误选A,许多同学一看到题干中的such,再联系到选项中的 that,便认为这是考查such … that …句式。况且,这样理解意思也还通顺。
【分析】最佳答案为C,不是A,因为在such … that … (如此……以至……)结构中,that 引导的是结果状语从句,并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分,若在上句填入 such … that …,句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下:as 用作关系代词,用以引导定语从句,修饰其前的名词 boy,同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语,句意为―所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩‖。有的同学可能还会问,假若选A,能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢?不能,因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时,其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导,而不用that。比较下面一题,答案为A,因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him: David is such a good boy _________ all the teachers like him. A. that B. who C. as D. whom
请再做以下试题(答案选D):
It was not such a good dinner _________ she had promised us. A. like B. that C. which D. as
4. The buses, most of _________ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
【陷阱】容易误选 C,用 them 代指 the buses。
【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句,修饰 the buses。类似地,以下各题也选D:
(1) His house, for _________ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000. A. that B. it C. them D. which
(2) Ashdown forest, through _________ we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.
A. that B. it C. them D. which
(3) This I did at nine o’clock, after _________ I sat reading the paper. A. that B. it C. them D. which 类似地,以下各题选 whom,不选 them:
(4) George, with _________ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.
A. that B. him C. them D. whom
(5) Her sons, both of _________ work abroad, will come back home this summer.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
(6) I met the fruit-pickers, several of _________ were still university students.
A. that B. who C. them D. whom
5. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _________ invited to his wedding.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易误选 A,认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是B,这不是非限制性定语从句,而是一个独立主格结构,因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语,而是一个过去分词。当然,假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were,则是一个非限制性定语从句,答案便应选A。比较:
(1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _________ carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选B,none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构,其中的 carried out 为过去分词。
(2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _________ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选A,none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句,注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were。
(3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _________ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
答案选B,由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but,使得该句成了一个并列句。
6. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
【陷阱】容易误选B,认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是A。与上面一题相似,their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句,而是一个独立主格结构,因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语,而是一个过去分词,因为 seat 作动词用时,是及物动词。比较以下相似题:
(1) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents were seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B。whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句,因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated。
(2) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _________ parents were seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选A。因为句中有并列连词and,整个句子为并列句。
(3) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选A。their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。
(4) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents sat together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B。whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句,因为句中有完整的谓语 sat。
(5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents were sitting together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
选B。whose parents were sitting together joking 为非限制性定语从句,因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting。
7. If the man is only interested in your looks, _________ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
【陷阱】容易误选A或B,误这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】正确答案为D,注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句,逗号后是该状语从句的主句,that 在此代表前文所述的情况,用作主句的主语。类似地,下面几道题也选 that,而不选 which:
(1) If you promise to go with us, _________ will be OK. A. as B. which C. and it D. that
(2) If you want a double room, _________ will cost another £15. A. as B. which C. what D. that
(3) Whether you go or not, _________ is quite all right with me. A. that B. which C. and it D. so
(4) When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that
二、常见名词考点透析
一、单、复数名词的正确使用
[例] They have all sorts of course. (2006陕西高考·改错 )
[析] 英语中,名词有单数、复数或不可数的形式。本题中的course是可数名词,意指―课程‖,故应用复数形式courses。
二、仅以复数形式出现的名词
[例] Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! (2000安徽春考·改错)
[析] Many happy returns of the day! 是一句固定的生日祝语,相当于汉语的―祝你年年有今日,岁岁有今朝!‖returns 在此处便是约定俗成的用法。
除这一结构外,像shake hands with (= shake sb’s hand), make friends with和change seats / trains / buses等常用的结构,及thanks, cheers, congratulations, things(情况), affairs, feelings, as follows(如下), in tears, in ruins, in pieces, in chains(被囚禁), in high spirits, in one’s teens / twenties, in the 1990’s (或in the 1990s), into halves, good manners, give one’s regards / best wishes to, make contributions to, make preparations for等,也都是常用或只用复数的名词式。
三、纯粹不可数名词的使用
[例] I’m glad you have made such a great progress that… (2006江西高考·改错)
[析] 在英语中,有些名词, 如advice(建议), news, information, fun, weather, progress, homework, housework等,无论在什么情况下都是不可数的,所以这些词没有复数形式,也不可把其与不定冠词连用。可见,such a great progress 使用有误(须改为such great progress)。再例: She was doing her homeworks one Sunday morning when she smelt something burning. (2004高考福建卷·改错)由于homework为不可数名词,所以,作业再多,也无复数。
四、转义名词的考查热点
[例] When you finish reading the book, you will have ______ better understanding of ______ life
A. a; the B. the; a C. 不填; the D. a; 不填
[析] 本题旨在考查考生对understanding和life这两个名词可数性的界定:understanding已为转义用法,life在此泛指―人生‖,是不可数名词,故而便可正确选用冠词。
转义名词主要分为两类:①把抽象意义转化为具体意义,因而赋予其可数功能;②把具体意义的名词抽象化,从而赋予其不可数性。
转义名词一直是高考测试的热点。其考查主要出现在单项和短文改错题中。其常考热点如下:
(1)抽象转具体: pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为―…的人 / 物‖。如: The meeting is a success.
(2)抽象转具体: worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等,指―一种‖、―一场‖及―多种‖、―多场‖时,有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.
(3)抽象转具体: a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如: He has a good practical knowledge of computer science
(4)具体转抽象: school, college, hospital, court, prison, bed, table, church等,都是可数名词,可以有具体的高中英语语法知识点大全
意义,如a school, three schools。再例如:
When you come here for your holiday next time, don't go to _____ hotel; I can find you _____ bed in my flat.
A. the; a B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. a; 不填
但是,在不用冠词、不用复数,而只突出与之有关的活动时,它们便失去了具体意义。如: go to school, at table等。 再例如:
When he left ______ college, he got a job as ______ reporter in a newspaper office.
A. 不填; a B. 不填; the C. a; the D. the; the
(5)具体转抽象: day, night, morning, noon, evening, night等用指天色时,表达抽象概念(注意其前不用冠词)。如: Day may break now, for the birds are singing outside.
五、名词与形容词定语的区别
[例] There have been sports in America about people trying to steal person information for bad purposes.(2004全国高考III·改错)
[析] 形容词和名词都可作定语,但有时含义有别,有时则出现错误。如可说a golden medal(一块镀金奖牌/一块金色的奖牌),也可以说a gold medal (一块金牌); 但可说a chemistry teacher(化学老师),而不可说a chemical teacher(化学原料做的老师?),但可说a chemical works(一家化工厂)。据此可见,此题中的―个人信息‖不应用person information表达。
另应注意,除man, woman常用―单单 (a woman doctor)‖、―复复 (two women doctors)‖式,及一些特殊词,如a goods ship, the sports shoes, a clothes shop等以外,用作修饰词的名词,一般都要用单数式。如: a lady doctor, two lady doctors等。
六、与动词或介词构成的固定搭配高中英语语法知识点大全
[例] It is said that dogs will keep you _____ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.
A. safety B. company C. house D. friend
[析] 无论是动宾结构还是介宾结构,有时名词虽然近义,但却不能主观臆断,而要选择固定的搭配式。本题的keep sb company就是一个典型的固定搭配式,意为―与……为伴‖。
七、名词搭配的语境限定
[例] You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of ________. (2006广东高考)
A. date B. shape C. order D. balance
[析] out of date 意为―过期,不时髦‖;out of shape意思是―不成形的‖;out of order就是in disorder,意为―乱七八糟的‖。搭配并无问题,而意义决定了B是正确答案。
八、名词的同、近义词辨析
[例] I’m sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good ______ of direction.
A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
[析] 名词的同、近义词辨析,不仅仅较多地应用于书面表达,而且还可以较为灵活地设题于单项填空、完形填空或短文改错题中。本题的四个近义词选项中,sense的―意识‖性更强,因而答案选D。
常易设题的同、近义名词有如下各组:
(1)cause, reason, excuse, explanation; (2)family, home, house, room, space;
(3)sign, signal, mark, example, symbol; (4)award, reward, prize, money;
(5)value, price, cost, charge; (6)kind, sort, type, variety;
(7)range, reach, distance, length; (8)news, word, message, information, notice;
(9)energy, force, strength, power; (10)accident, incident, affair, event, business, matter;
(11)practice, training, exercise, drill;
三、从高考题看情态动词的用法
最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题中,命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握
它们的基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习掌握。
一、用―情态动词+have +done‖结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 ―对立统一‖来概括。
1.当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时,我们可用―统一‖关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有:
must have done: 表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作―一定做了……‖,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can't/couldn't have done 疑问式为Can/Could…have done?。
could /might have done:表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测,常译作―可能做了……‖。如:
1) Sorry I'm late. I _____ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
A. might B. should C. can D. will
该题前句说明了结果,后句接着说出了产生这种结果的可能性,对前句进行补充说明。分析选项可知本题应选A。
2) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he ____ your lecture.
A.couldn't have attended B.needn't have attended C.mustn't have attended D.shouldn't have attended 该题前句叙说一个客观事实,后句对前句进行补充说明,分析选项可知C是错误的; 而B、D两项不符合题意。故本题选A。又如:
Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.
A.mustn't have arrived B.shouldn't have arrived C.can't have arrived D.need not have arrived (C)
2.当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时,常借助―but, however, instead‖等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用―对立‖关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有:
should have done / ought to have done:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。
should not have done / ought not to have done:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。
need have done:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。
need not have done:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了。如:
3) I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
A.mustn't leave B.shouldn't have left C.couldn't have left D.needn't leave
分析该题前后句之间的关系和语气可知,事实上是 ―本不应该离家出走却走了‖,故本题选B。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her. (NMET'94)
A.had to write it out B.must have written it out C.should have written it out D.ought to write it out 由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选C。
二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。
5) —Is John coming by train? —He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car.
A.must B.can C.need D.may
mustn't 表示―禁止、不准‖;cannot 表示―不可能‖;need not 表示―不必要‖;may not 表示―可能不‖。分析语境可知本题应选D。
6) —I hear you've got a set of valuable Australian coins.___ I have a look?高中英语语法知识点大全
—Yes, certainly. A.Do B.May C. Shall D.Should
分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可,may表示―允许、可以‖,语气比较委婉 shall常用于第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示,如果此空用shall,则意为―要(我)看一下吗?‖,不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?
A.can B.should C.may D.must
must be 表示肯定的猜测,只能用于肯定句中,由题意可知本题应选A。
【篇三】高中英语语法知识点大全
高中英语语法总结大全完整版
高中英语语法大全
词法
第1章 主谓一致
一.概念:
主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如: There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如: There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
2)当either" or" 与neither" nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如:
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:
All is right. 一切顺利。
All are present. 人都到齐了。
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:
His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如: Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语
动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由
more than" of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
三.巩固练习
( ) 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
( ) 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play
( ) 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and
grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
( ) 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
( ) 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. has B. have
C. is having D. are having’
( ) 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
( )7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
( )8. When ______ the United Nations founded?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
( ) 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
( )11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
( )12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
( )13. No teacher and no student ______.
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
( )14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were ( )15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
( ) 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
( ) 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
( ) 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
( ) 19. —— ____ your clothes?
——No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
( ) 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond
of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
( ) 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, is D. is, are
( ) 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
( ) 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
( ) 24. —— What do you think of the ______ of the coat?
—— It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
( ) 25. —— Are the two answers correct?
—— No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
C. neither is D. either is not
( ) 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四.答案
1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12.
C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23.
B 24. C 25. C 26. B
第2章 动词的时态
一. 概念:
时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every", sometimes, at", on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。
第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
2. 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
【篇四】高中英语语法知识点大全
高中英语语法知识点分布
【篇五】高中英语语法知识点大全
《高中英语语法汇总》
《高中英语语法大全》(word下载版)
本文件内容丰富,讲解详细,层次分明,重点突出,包括高中英语中非常详尽的知识点、易错点、易混点、常考点等,是高中学生和老师非常实用而而且管用语法大全。适合不同层次的高中学生使用。
《高中英语语法大全》第01章 名 词
一、概说
名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词,如boy 男孩,mother 母亲,news 消息,progress 进步,computer 计算机,Tom 汤姆,Paris 巴黎,Japan 日本,furniture 家具,等。 名词根据其词汇意义,通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称,专有名词的第一个字母通常大写,如Mary 玛丽,Mr Green 格林先生,Beijing 北京,等;普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质,它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类:个体名词表示人或物的个体,如girl 女孩,pen 钢笔,等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如wood 木头,meat 肉,等;集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family 家庭,crowd 人群,等;抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念,如work 工作,happiness 幸福,等。
二、名词的数
1. 名词复数的构成方法 (1) 在一般情况下,加词尾 -s:
book / books 书
pen / pens 钢笔
face / faces 脸
(2) 以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词,通常加词尾 -es:
bus / buses 公共汽车
box / boxes 盒子
dish / dishes 盘子
注:有些以 ch 结尾的名词,由于其发音不是 [k] 而是 [tf],那么其复数形式应加词尾 –s,如stomach / stomachs 胃。
(3) 以y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies;以―元音字母+y‖结尾的名词,直接加词尾s:
city / cities 城市
boy / boys 男孩
key / keys 钥匙
注:以 y 结尾的专有名词,若在某些特殊情况下需要复数,通常加 s 构成:
Mary / Marys 玛丽
Germany / Germanys 德国
(4) 以 o 结尾的名词,有些加词尾 -s,有些加 -es,有些加 -s 或 -es 均可:
piano / pianos 钢琴
tomato / tomatoes 西红柿
zero / zero(e)s 零
注:有人对英语中所有以o结尾的名词作了统计,一共近200个,其中绝大部分的复数形式通过加词尾-s构成,少数加词尾 es。在中学英语范围内,加词尾 es 的主要有以下4个:tomato 西红柿,potato 土豆,hero 英雄,Negro 黑人
(5) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,也有两种可能:即有些直接加词尾-s,有些则把 f / fe 改为 ves: chief / chiefs 首领
roof / roofs 屋顶
knife / knives 小刀
注:在中学英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词):wife妻子,life 生命,knife 小刀,leaf 树叶,thief 贼,half 一半,self 自己,shelf 架子,loaf 面包,wolf 狼。
另外,中学英语中的handkerchief(手帕)一词的复数有两种形式:handkerchiefs /
handkerchieves,但在现代英语中,以用 handkerchiefs 为多见。
2. 单数与复数同形式的名词。中学英语中主要的有:sheep 绵羊,fish 鱼,deer 鹿,Chinese 中国人,Japanese 日本人,Portuguese 葡萄牙人,Swiss 瑞士人,aircraft 飞行器,means 方法,series 系列,head (牛等的)头数,works 工厂,等。
注:fish 有时也用 fishes 这样的复数形式,尤其表示种类时;head 若不是牲口的―头数‖,而是表示―人的头‖或―人数‖,则要用 heads 这样的复数形式。
3. 不规则的复数名词。有的名词单数变复数时,没有一定的规则:
man / men 男人
woman / women 女人
child / children 小孩
tooth / teeth 牙齿
foot / feet 脚
goose / geese 鹅高中英语语法知识点大全
mouse / mice 老鼠
ox / oxen 公牛
注:(1) 一些以 man, woman 结尾的合成词,在构成复数与 man, woman 的变化形式相同,如:policeman / policemen 警察,gentleman / gentlemen 绅士,Englishman / Englishmen 英国人,等等。但是 human(人),German(德国人)不是合成词,其复数不能仿 man 的变化规律,而是按规则变化,即用 humans, Germans。
(2) foot表示―英尺‖时,其复数可以有两种形式 feet / foot,如:He is about six feet / foot tall. 他大约6英尺高。
4. 复合名词的复数形式。通常是将其主要名词变为复数:
passer-by / passers-by 过路人
shoe-maker / shoe-makers鞋匠
looker-on / lookers-on 旁观者
on-looker / on-lookers旁观者
father-in-law / fathers-in-law 岳父
若没有主要名词,则通常在最后一个词加s:
go-between / go-betweens 中间人,媒人 know-all / know-alls 万事通
注:由man / woman用于另一名词前构成的合成名词,两者均变为复数:
man doctor / men doctors 男医生 woman writer / women writers 女作家
5. 字母、文字、数字、符号等的复数形式。原则上加词尾 -’s:
There are two i's in the word ―skiing‖ skiing. 这个词里有两个字母i。
Mind your p’s and q’s. 要谨言慎行。
All the –’s should be changed to +’s. 所有的正号应改为负号。
若不至于发生混淆,也可只加词尾 s。如:
He was born in the 1930(')s. 他出生在20世纪30年代。
Your 3(')s look like 8(')s. 你写的3看起来像似8。
6. 度量衡单位的缩写词的复数形式。一般不加词尾-s:
m (meter, meters) 米
km (kilometer, kilometers) 千米
kg (kilogramme, kilogrammes) 千克
cm (centimeter,centimeters) 厘米
有的缩写词也加 s:
hr (hours) / hrs (hours) 小时
No (number) / Nos (Numbers) 号码
有个别缩写词采用重复最后一个字母的方式构成复数形式:
p.10 (page 10) 第10页 pp.10 (pages 10 through 15) 第10至15页
7. 名词的可数性。名词根据其可数性,可分为可数名词与不可数名词。一般说来,个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的;而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及少部分集合名词则通常是不可数的。但是这种区分只是大致的,原则性的,并不是绝对的。英语有些名词往往既是可数也可以是不可数的:
A:Would you like a cake? 要吃块蛋糕吗?
B:No, I don't like cake. 不吃,我不喜欢吃蛋糕。
以上第一句用 a cake,这是把 cake 视为一块一块的―蛋糕‖,所以它是可数的;而第二句只用 cake,这是把它当作物质名词看待, 所以它成了不可数名词。
下面我们按照名词的不同类别,分别讨论名词的可数性问题。
(1) 专有名词的可数性。在通常情况下,专有名词具有―独一无二‖的含义,因此它通常没有复数形式,即不可数。但是,专有名词的独一无二性通常是相对的,随着范围的扩大,这种独一无二性便会受到破坏。如在一个星期(week)内,只有一个星期六(Saturday), 一个星期日(Sunday)等,但是在一个月中甚至一年中,便有多个星期六,多个星期日了。所以我们有时可以说:
We have spent many happy Sundays there. 我们在那儿度过了许多个愉快的星期日。 又如,在一个小范围内,可能只有一个 Henry,但在一个较大的范围内则可能有多个 Henry, 因此我们有时会见到这样的句子:
There are five Henrys in our school. 我们学校有五个亨利。
另外,若专有名词转化成了普通名词,也可以是可数的:
Thousands of Lei Fengs have emerged in China. 中国涌现出了千千万万个雷锋。
(2) 个体名词的可数性。个体名词表示的是一个一个的人或物的个体,所以它通常是可数的。
(3) 物质名词的可数性。由于物质名词在通常情况下不能分为个体,所以它通常是不可数的。但是,在某些特殊情况下(如表示种类等),有些物质名词也可以连用不定冠词或用复数形式:
wine 酒(不可数),a wine 一种酒(可数)
beer 啤酒(不可数),two beers 两杯啤酒(可数)
glass玻璃(不可数),some glasses 一些玻璃杯(可数)
(4) 抽象名词的可数性。抽象名词是表示事物性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的,因此它通常是不可数的。但是,有时抽象名词也可转化为具体名词(可数),表示具有某种性质的人或事物:
success 成功(不可数),a success 成功的人或事(可数)
pleasure 愉快(不可数),a pleasure 令人愉快的人或事(可数)
(5) 集合名词的可数性。集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体,它本身通常是可数的,其复数形式表示多个集合体:
a family 一个家庭,three families 三个家庭
a team 一个队,two teams 两个队
a crowd 一群人,crowds 多群人
8. 的三个易错点
(1) 根据汉语习惯将英语的物质名词误认为是可数名词。如:汉语中的―面包‖,一般认为是可数的,可以说―一个面包‖、―两个面包‖等,但英语中的bread却通常是不可数的,不能相应地用 a bread,two breads 表示以上意思。不过有趣的是,loaf 表示―面包‖却又是可数的,可说 a loaf, two loaves。
(2) 想当然地判断名词的可数性。如有的学生认为 news(消息)和 paper(纸)都不可数,于是便想当然地认为 newspaper(报纸)就一定不可数,但事实上,newspaper 却是可数名词;又
如有的同学认为 tear(眼泪)即―泪水‖,并将某其与 water(水)相联系,认为 tear 是不可数的,但事实上,tear 却是可数的。
(3) 受名词一词多义的影响。有的名词不止一个意思,且用于不同意思时,其可数性也有不同,不要形成思维思势。如aim表示―目的‖时是可数名词,表示―瞄准‖时是不可数名词;又如 experience 表示―经验‖时不可数,表示―经历‖时则可数;再如fortune,当它表示―运气‖时,不可数(=luck),当它表示―命运‖时,可数,当它表示―财产‖时,不可数,但可与a连用。
9. 可数与不可数名词的常用修饰语
(1) 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有:these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of 等。
注:a good [great] many 后直接跟名词,没有介词 of。
(2) 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有:this, that, a few, a little, a bit of, much, no, a great deal of 等。
(3) 有些修饰语既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词:all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of 等。
(4) 有些名词形式上是复数,但却被用作不可数名词,使用much, little等修饰语: He hasn't got much brains. 他没什么头脑。
He took much pains to do the work. 他费了不少心做这工作。
I said I wouldn't want much wages. 我说过我不要很多工资。
It's high time you were taught a little manners. 该是你学一点礼貌的时候了。
10. 单位词与不可数名词数量表示法。单位词是表示事物个体性的词语,不可数名词通常没有复数形式,也不可以用个数计算,要表示不可数名词的个体性需借助单位词:
a piece of paper 一张纸 a piece of advice一条建议
a piece of news一条消息 an article of furniture 一件家具
a cake of soap 一块香皂 a slice of meat 一块肉
a cup of tea 一杯茶 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水
注:不要按汉语习惯在不该用单位词的地方错用单位词,如―一张邮票‖只能说 a stamp,而不能说 a piece of stamp。
三、名词的格
1. 名词的格的种类。英语名词有三个格,即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同,所以它们又统称作通格。当名词用作主语、宾语、表语时,用通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。
Tom loves Mary. (Tom 为主格,Mary 为宾格,均为通格形式)
Tom’s best friend is Mary. (Tom’s 是所有格,Mary 为通格)
The title of the book is interesting. (of the book 为所有格)
2. -’s所有格的构成方法
(1) 一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加 -’s:
children's books 儿童图书 today’s paper 今天的报纸
(2) 带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇(’):
【篇六】高中英语语法知识点大全
2016年人教版高中英语语法总结
2016年人教版高中英语语法总结
本文件内容丰富,讲解详细,层次分明,重点突出,包括高中英语中非常详尽的知识点、易错点、易混点、常考点等,是高中学生和老师非常实用而而且管用语法大全。适合不同层次的高中学生使用。
《高中英语语法大全》第01章 名 词
一、概说
名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词,如boy 男孩,mother 母亲,news 消息,progress 进步,computer 计算机,Tom 汤姆,Paris 巴黎,Japan 日本,furniture 家具,等。 名词根据其词汇意义,通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称,专有名词的第一个字母通常大写,如Mary 玛丽,Mr Green 格林先生,Beijing 北京,等;普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质,它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类:个体名词表示人或物的个体,如girl 女孩,pen 钢笔,等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如wood 木头,meat 肉,等;集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family 家庭,crowd 人群,等;抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念,如work 工作,happiness 幸福,等。
二、名词的数
1. 名词复数的构成方法
(1) 在一般情况下,加词尾 -s: book / books 书 pen / pens 钢笔 face / faces 脸
(2) 以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词,通常加词尾 -es: bus / buses 公共汽车 box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盘子
注:有些以 ch 结尾的名词,由于其发音不是 [k] 而是 [tf],那么其复数形式应加词尾 –s,如stomach / stomachs 胃。
(3) 以y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies;以―元音字母+y‖结尾的名词,直接加词尾s: city / cities 城市 boy / boys 男孩
key / keys 钥匙
注:以 y 结尾的专有名词,若在某些特殊情况下需要复数,通常加 s 构成:
Mary / Marys 玛丽
Germany / Germanys 德国
(4) 以 o 结尾的名词,有些加词尾 -s,有些加 -es,有些加 -s 或 -es 均可:
piano / pianos 钢琴
tomato / tomatoes 西红柿
zero / zero(e)s 零
注:有人对英语中所有以o结尾的名词作了统计,一共近200个,其中绝大部分的复数形式通过加词尾-s构成,少数加词尾 es。在中学英语范围内,加词尾 es 的主要有以下4个:tomato 西红柿,potato 土豆,hero 英雄,Negro 黑人
(5) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,也有两种可能:即有些直接加词尾-s,有些则把 f / fe 改为 ves: chief / chiefs 首领
roof / roofs 屋顶
knife / knives 小刀
注:在中学英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词):wife妻子,life 生命,knife 小刀,leaf 树叶,thief 贼,half 一半,self 自己,shelf 架子,loaf 面包,wolf 狼。
另外,中学英语中的handkerchief(手帕)一词的复数有两种形式:handkerchiefs /
handkerchieves,但在现代英语中,以用 handkerchiefs 为多见。
2. 单数与复数同形式的名词。中学英语中主要的有:sheep 绵羊,fish 鱼,deer 鹿,Chinese 中国人,Japanese 日本人,Portuguese 葡萄牙人,Swiss 瑞士人,aircraft 飞行器,means 方法,series 系列,head (牛等的)头数,works 工厂,等。
注:fish 有时也用 fishes 这样的复数形式,尤其表示种类时;head 若不是牲口的―头数‖,而是表示―人的头‖或―人数‖,则要用 heads 这样的复数形式。
3. 不规则的复数名词。有的名词单数变复数时,没有一定的规则:
man / men 男人
woman / women 女人
child / children 小孩
tooth / teeth 牙齿
foot / feet 脚
goose / geese 鹅
mouse / mice 老鼠
ox / oxen 公牛
注:(1) 一些以 man, woman 结尾的合成词,在构成复数与 man, woman 的变化形式相同,如:policeman / policemen 警察,gentleman / gentlemen 绅士,Englishman / Englishmen 英国人,等等。但是 human(人),German(德国人)不是合成词,其复数不能仿 man 的变化规律,而是按规则变化,即用 humans, Germans。
(2) foot表示―英尺‖时,其复数可以有两种形式 feet / foot,如:He is about six feet / foot tall. 他大约6英尺高。
4. 复合名词的复数形式。通常是将其主要名词变为复数:
passer-by / passers-by 过路人
shoe-maker / shoe-makers鞋匠
looker-on / lookers-on 旁观者
on-looker / on-lookers旁观者
father-in-law / fathers-in-law 岳父
若没有主要名词,则通常在最后一个词加s:
go-between / go-betweens 中间人,媒人 know-all / know-alls 万事通
注:由man / woman用于另一名词前构成的合成名词,两者均变为复数:
man doctor / men doctors 男医生 woman writer / women writers 女作家
5. 字母、文字、数字、符号等的复数形式。原则上加词尾 -’s:
There are two i's in the word ―skiing‖ skiing. 这个词里有两个字母i。
Mind your p’s and q’s. 要谨言慎行。
All the –’s should be changed to +’s. 所有的正号应改为负号。
若不至于发生混淆,也可只加词尾 s。如:
He was born in the 1930(')s. 他出生在20世纪30年代。
Your 3(')s look like 8(')s. 你写的3看起来像似8。
6. 度量衡单位的缩写词的复数形式。一般不加词尾-s:
m (meter, meters) 米
km (kilometer, kilometers) 千米
kg (kilogramme, kilogrammes) 千克
cm (centimeter,centimeters) 厘米
有的缩写词也加 s:
hr (hours) / hrs (hours) 小时
No (number) / Nos (Numbers) 号码
有个别缩写词采用重复最后一个字母的方式构成复数形式:
p.10 (page 10) 第10页 pp.10 (pages 10 through 15) 第10至15页
7. 名词的可数性。名词根据其可数性,可分为可数名词与不可数名词。一般说来,个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的;而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及少部分集合名词则通常是不可数的。但是这种区分只是大致的,原则性的,并不是绝对的。英语有些名词往往既是可数也可以是不可数的:
A:Would you like a cake? 要吃块蛋糕吗?
B:No, I don't like cake. 不吃,我不喜欢吃蛋糕。
以上第一句用 a cake,这是把 cake 视为一块一块的―蛋糕‖,所以它是可数的;而第二句只用 cake,这是把它当作物质名词看待, 所以它成了不可数名词。
下面我们按照名词的不同类别,分别讨论名词的可数性问题。
(1) 专有名词的可数性。在通常情况下,专有名词具有―独一无二‖的含义,因此它通常没有复数形式,即不可数。但是,专有名词的独一无二性通常是相对的,随着范围的扩大,这种独一无二性便会受到破坏。如在一个星期(week)内,只有一个星期六(Saturday), 一个星期日(Sunday)等,但是在一个月中甚至一年中,便有多个星期六,多个星期日了。所以我们有时可以说:
We have spent many happy Sundays there. 我们在那儿度过了许多个愉快的星期日。 又如,在一个小范围内,可能只有一个 Henry,但在一个较大的范围内则可能有多个 Henry, 因此我们有时会见到这样的句子:
There are five Henrys in our school. 我们学校有五个亨利。
另外,若专有名词转化成了普通名词,也可以是可数的:
Thousands of Lei Fengs have emerged in China. 中国涌现出了千千万万个雷锋。
(2) 个体名词的可数性。个体名词表示的是一个一个的人或物的个体,所以它通常是可数的。
(3) 物质名词的可数性。由于物质名词在通常情况下不能分为个体,所以它通常是不可数的。但是,在某些特殊情况下(如表示种类等),有些物质名词也可以连用不定冠词或用复数形式:
wine 酒(不可数),a wine 一种酒(可数)
beer 啤酒(不可数),two beers 两杯啤酒(可数)
glass玻璃(不可数),some glasses 一些玻璃杯(可数)
(4) 抽象名词的可数性。抽象名词是表示事物性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的,因此它通常是不可数的。但是,有时抽象名词也可转化为具体名词(可数),表示具有某种性质的人或事物:
success 成功(不可数),a success 成功的人或事(可数)
pleasure 愉快(不可数),a pleasure 令人愉快的人或事(可数)
(5) 集合名词的可数性。集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体,它本身通常是可数的,其复数形式表示多个集合体:
a family 一个家庭,three families 三个家庭
a team 一个队,two teams 两个队
a crowd 一群人,crowds 多群人
8.
(1) 根据汉语习惯将英语的物质名词误认为是可数名词。如:汉语中的―面包‖,一般认为是可数的,可以说―一个面包‖、―两个面包‖等,但英语中的bread却通常是不可数的,不能相应地用 a bread,two breads 表示以上意思。不过有趣的是,loaf 表示―面包‖却又是可数的,可说 a loaf, two loaves。
(2) 想当然地判断名词的可数性。如有的学生认为 news(消息)和 paper(纸)都不可数,于是便想当然地认为 newspaper(报纸)就一定不可数,但事实上,newspaper 却是可数名词;又
如有的同学认为 tear(眼泪)即―泪水‖,并将某其与 water(水)相联系,认为 tear 是不可数的,但事实上,tear 却是可数的。
(3) 受名词一词多义的影响。有的名词不止一个意思,且用于不同意思时,其可数性也有不同,不要形成思维思势。如aim表示―目的‖时是可数名词,表示―瞄准‖时是不可数名词;又如 experience 表示―经验‖时不可数,表示―经历‖时则可数;再如fortune,当它表示―运气‖时,不可数(=luck),当它表示―命运‖时,可数,当它表示―财产‖时,不可数,但可与a连用。
9. 可数与不可数名词的常用修饰语
(1) 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有:these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of 等。
注:a good [great] many 后直接跟名词,没有介词 of。
(2) 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有:this, that, a few, a little, a bit of, much, no, a great deal of 等。
(3) 有些修饰语既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词:all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of 等。
(4) 有些名词形式上是复数,但却被用作不可数名词,使用much, little等修饰语: He hasn't got much brains. 他没什么头脑。
He took much pains to do the work. 他费了不少心做这工作。
I said I wouldn't want much wages. 我说过我不要很多工资。
It's high time you were taught a little manners. 该是你学一点礼貌的时候了。
10. 单位词与不可数名词数量表示法。单位词是表示事物个体性的词语,不可数名词通常没有复数形式,也不可以用个数计算,要表示不可数名词的个体性需借助单位词:
a piece of paper 一张纸 a piece of advice一条建议
a piece of news一条消息 an article of furniture 一件家具
a cake of soap 一块香皂 a slice of meat 一块肉
a cup of tea 一杯茶 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水
注:不要按汉语习惯在不该用单位词的地方错用单位词,如―一张邮票‖只能说 a stamp,而不能说 a piece of stamp。
三、名词的格
1. 名词的格的种类。英语名词有三个格,即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同,所以它们又统称作通格。当名词用作主语、宾语、表语时,用通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。
Tom loves Mary. (Tom 为主格,Mary 为宾格,均为通格形式)
Tom’s best friend is Mary. (Tom’s 是所有格,Mary 为通格)
The title of the book is interesting. (of the book 为所有格)
2. -’s所有格的构成方法
(1) 一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加 -’s:
children's books 儿童图书 today’s paper 今天的报纸
(2) 带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇(’):