【 – 初中作文】
篇一:《关于科技创新的英语作文》
Dear Mr. President,
I’d like to show my opinions on students’ scientific and technological abilities for innovation and give some suggestions. I don’t think our school is well engaged in improving students’ innovation abilities. In my eyes, students in our school do little innovative jobs other than study. In most of their part time, they listen to music, read books, or play computer games, which needn’t be much creative.
In order to improve abilities for innovation, firstly university leaders can show the importance of innovation by lectures, posters, etc. Then secondly, lessons and atmosphere in class can be improved by teachers, for example, to encourage creative thinking and innovative assignments. Finally, large numbers of creative activities such as scientific inventions also help a lot. By participating in those activities, students can not only be more creative, but also enrich their lives.
In a word, scientific and technological innovation is of great importance. With more excellent and creative students in science and technology, our school will be more powerful, so will our country.
篇二:《英语作文Science and technology》
Science and technology
Science and technology have been bringing human beings tremendous benefits. Thanks to science and technology, we now live comfortably and conveniently in houses furnished with air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines and televisions etc. thanks to science and technology, we can eat fresh vegetables at the year round. Thanks to science and technology, we can travel tong distances in the fraction of a second on planes, trains and cars. Thanks to science and technology, we wear clothes with synthetic materials which can not easily be worn out.
However, science and technology have also brought us a tot of disasters. First, because of the many breakthroughs in the field of medicine, people are now living much longer than they used to. As a result, the population of the world is increasing, causing tots of problems. Second, because of the development of industry, tots of the wastes from factories pour into the air and rivers, causing pollution of at kinds. Third, some terrorists are using science and technology against mankind. They use biological, chemical and unclear weapons to threaten world peace
so it's urgent that we find ways to solve these problems. But we should not stop the development of science and technology because of these disasters they bring, just as we should not give up eating for fear of choking. In addition, we should make some rules to regulate our actions. As long as we use science and technology in a proper way, they may bring us even more benefits.
科学技术已经给人类带来了巨大的利益。由于科学和技术，我们在配有空调，冰箱，洗衣机和电视机等的房子里舒适和方便地生活，由于科学和技术，我们可以吃新鲜蔬菜一年四季。多亏了科学技术，我们可以在飞机、火车和汽车上的二分之一秒的距离旅行。由于科学技术，我们穿的衣服与合成材料，不能轻易地被磨损了。
然而，科学技术也给我们带来了灾难。首先，由于医学领域的许多突破，人们现在比过去活的时间更长。作为一个结果，世界人口的增长，造成小孩的问题。其次，由于工业的发展，大量的工业废弃物倒入空气和河流，造成各种污染。第三，一些恐怖分子利用科学技术对人类。他们使用生物、化学和不明武器威胁世界和平
因此，我们迫切需要找到解决这些问题的方法。但是我们不应该因为这些灾难而停止发展科学技术，正如我们不应该因为害怕窒息而放弃吃东西一样。此外，我们应该制定一些规则来规范我们的行为。只要我们用科学和技术，他们可以给我们带来更多的好处。
篇三:《科技的利弊英语作文》
The rapid development of science and technology has brought about great changes to human life.The great benefits brought about by this progress is hailed in every corner of the world.New electronic appliances have made our life simpler than ever before.New inventions have helped us to organize our daily activities.Our job can be done faster.Mobiles and QQ have made it easier to communicate with other people.Internet has enabled us to know and understand other culture and society better.
However,The disadvantages about this development should not be neglected .Some of scientific inventions have even caused great harms or disastersto mankind.For example,advanced technology can be easily
manipulated by irresponsible persons.Besides,We'll be too dependant on it.When technology fails,we are helpless
Sometimes,it affects our health and lifestyles(we'll be complacent and lazy.) The chemicals may be hazardous).What's worse,Science and
tecnology may even destroy our simple and healthy life(Sometimes How we miss the traditional style of living!).In addition ,The appearance of new technology may invade our privacy.
To sum up,humans must be alert against the possible harm while enjoying the benefits from them.
篇四:《英语作文：科技给我们带来了什么》
What technology really brings to us
Technology has been highly developed to improve human’s life. Nowadays, we have the technology that enables us to talk to friends across the ocean, to manage our schedules and even to finish most of the activities in our daily life. But do all these really give us a happier life? Does technology really take us to the day we wanted when we invented it? In this essay I’m going to discuss the effect technology has in reality.
As is always the case, something new will definitely do us good in some way. For instant, huge amount of labor work has been reduced due to the First Technology Evolution. It’s also undeniable that new technology breaks the isolation of time and distance, which makes it possible for us to share our points and views all over the world just on a click. People have been happy and enjoyed talking with SMS, email instead of sending a real letter or have a direct meeting for over decades of years.
However, is the above the life we really want? Not really. Technology seems to make everything real time. Actually, it’s not. New methods like SMS give people more time to “think” before they talk to each other, before they present their thoughts. Gradually, people begin to lose the ability to chat in real time. They rely too much on the time behind an SMS or an email. The lack of direct communication, which we usually refer to as “Face to Face”, results in even more reliance on the delayed communication. Technology, instead of helping people jump out of the circle made of time and distance, has made another circle itself trapping people to the fear of making a real communication.
For me, I don’t think that technology is leading us to a bright future that it was supposed to. It’s rather creating another situation called “We are alone together”. Making the best of the technology doesn’t just mean let it invade every single room in our life. Only being used properly can it really bring us a happier life.
篇五:《现代科技对人类的影响(英文版)》
Modern Inventions have remarkable impacts in our society
Today, there are many modern inventions in our society and all of them have their own important impacts in life. We enjoy the convenience of these modern inventions and we need to accept the fact that they become more and more important for us. In our daily life, we always hear that some people said they had forgotten to take their mobile phones and then they would be very anxiety. It’s not funny. In contrast, this condition just indicates that our life is connected with modern inventions closely.
As we all know, humans evolve from apes and monkeys. In the past, we moved from one place to another by our feet. It is because of this, we couldn’t go far away. In another words, it makes us live in a small world. As time goes by, we learned to make animals become our transportations, for examples, we used horses to be vehicles. Then in 1776, James Watt invented the first steam energy, and then there were a lot of inventions of transport, like the steam train the steam boat and so on. Then we could go to further places than before by these things. Now, we have cars, ships, planes and many kinds of transportations. These modern inventions of transportations make our life more convenient and even more they seem to make our planet, the earth, become smaller and smaller because we can visit many places on spending only little
time. The modern transport really benefits our life, though some people also criticize it because there’re many accidents, such as the air crashes and the traffic accidents. In my view, it’s normal and it’s also avoidable. Why I say it normal is because I believe that nothing is absolutely good and right for us. It’s avoidable, I mean that, is that we can develop the science and technology so that we make them more perfect.
Except for the modern inventions of transport, there are plenty of other things, including robots. Robots become more and more popular and they bring us a lot of joy. It’s used in many aspects of our life. And there’re a large number of movies describing them, such as Terminator, I robot and so on. They’re very attractive. Actually, robots of real life also have different kinds of functions and they give us much help. First, robots make our life more convenient. We can do many things that we didn't have the ability to do in the past by using robots. That makes our life more effective. Second, robots can be used in industry produce. Factories can reduce the cost of production by using robots. Robots do not need to eat and they will not be ill. It's very good for producing goods. Third, robots can save more people when the disaster happens. Because they can't feel pain and they can save more people without feeling tired.
Then let us look at the universe. Until now, human has sent thousands of artificial satellites to outer space. Space industries of many countries have realized great achievements, like China. When the first picture of the
earth showed us, we were surprised by its beauty. It is amazing! In the next years, we not only fly out of the earth but also get to the moon. Here Neil Armstrong once said: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." Yes, I think it is right. We understand ourselves more by this.
At last, I want to introduce the one of the most influential modern inventions in our daily life, the computer network. It is a system connecting two or more computers. A computer network allows users to exchange data quickly, access and share resources including equipments, application software and information. I think that the internet is very helpful for our life. Network has made it possible to capture the attention of millions of people. Not only does it broaden our view, but bring us some useful information. But someone points out its disadvantages, for examples, it has so much junk information that bothers us a lot. In my opinion, it can be solved by taking some useful measures. Our government ought to take strict steps to restrict and filter it. And we should not click nasty webpage. If our government and we do it well, I fully believe that the internet will produce more convenience for us. It’s true that network has come closer and closer to us.
In a word, modern inventions have remarkable impacts in our society.
篇六:《科技文章的翻译》
科技文章因为其用词严肃,造句严谨枯燥,所以大家认为科技文章的翻译,就要追求/词对词,句对句0的对等翻译[1](P223)。这些看法有些误解。事实上,科技文章的遣词也讲究文采,造句也应具有美学特质。本文欲从翻译遣词的方法以及造句中的美学追求来讨论科技文章的翻译。
一、科技文章的遣词
科技文章的遣词也可以生动活泼,细究之下,似有三类:借、转、破。它们给可能单调的行文平添几分亮色,使科技文章的沉滞之风,为之一扫,于是阅读便成为享受,翻译也充满兴趣。
[2](P77)现举例说明:
(1) The furthest we have been is the Moon. If we want to travel into deep space, beyond our backyard, the Solar System, we.ll need a new breed of spacecraft.
译文:我们人类迄今所到过的最远的地方是月球。要想穿越地球的后院)))太阳系,进入外层空间,我们需要一种新型的宇宙飞船。[2](P77)
(2) Space is the most hostile environment we will ev-er explore. Even a single five-hour spacewalk requires months of training, and a vast technical backup to keep it safe.
译文:太空是人类探索所进入的最恶劣的环境。即便是一趟5小时的太空行走,也需要数月的强化训练,以及庞大的技术支持来确保其安全。
(3) Down here on earth we are protected by the at-mosphere and by our planet.s magnetic field (磁场),but in space long haul astronauts suffer gradual but irrevers-ible radiation sickness unless they are carefully shielded.
译文:在地球上,我们受到大气层及地球磁场的保护,而在太空中,长时间逗留的宇航员会逐渐患上无法根治的辐射病,除非他们全身都能保护得滴水不漏。{关于科技的英语文章}.
遣词分析:例(1)中deep space,乃/借0来的专业术语。Deep + space一旦成为航天术语,便不能从普通词汇的视角去解释,应译作/外层空间0。例(2)中的hostile(本义:充满敌意的)文学色彩浓厚,它又体现了/转0字,其转义之一是:unfavorable to health and life (不利于健康及生活的)。另如:a hostile climate/恶劣气候。因此翻译the most hostile environment中的hostile,却不能/守0其本义,而必须以其转义译之。当然,科技英语中体现/转0的意境的词汇,翻译时到底如何处理,是译其本义,还是译其转义,要视汉语的表达习惯而定,语言的奥妙与魅力,也许就在于此。而例(3)中/long haul0的使用,充分体现了科技文章遣词的第三类:/破0。5美国传统词典6对/longhaul0释义为:/informal: a long period of time0。词典添加这个informal不可小视,科技文章使用如此informal的词组,很明显属于打/破0常规。/破0在科技文章多为向下破格,孰料,本段出现了向上/破格0的例子。Gradual but ir-reversible radiation sickness中的irreversible便是一例。很多词典对其的注释是/不能取消的,不能改变的(律)0。这个/律0告诉我们, irreversible本来是一个法律术语,属庄重语体。从正式语体遣词到庄重语体遣词,应是向上 o compete, produce, and succeed; this also affects the
survival rate. Another part of the problem of male morta-l
ity is the male hormone testosterone, which brings about a
higher metabolic rate in most tissues, wearing them out
faster.
(2) Later on in life man suffer from the strain of modern life to compete, produce, and succeed; this also affects the survival rate. Another part of the problem of male mortality is the male hormone testosterone, which brings about a higher, metabolic rate in most tissues, wearing them out faster.
译文(1)的/the society puts strain on the man to,0和句(2)中的/man suffer from the strain of modern life to 0相比,前者的主语系非人称主语the society,而后者的 主语系人称主语man,者的谓语结构乃puts strain ion on the man,与后者的谓语结构suffer from the strain of modern life相比,无人称主谓句the society puts strain on the man to compete, produce, and succeed新意拂面,闪现出人文亮色,增添了人性美感。另外,各种修辞手法的运用,也使科技文体带上了人 性的色彩比如拟人的修辞手法。如:
(1) While many Californians dream of leaving their home state ofCalifornia, clams from Asia, a slug from New Zealand and a jellyfish from the Black Sea have decided to buck the trend and take up residence in San Francisco Bay.
译文:正当很多加利福尼亚人梦想着离开他们的家园时,亚洲的一些蛤类,新西兰的一种海参,以及生长在黑海的一种水母,却拿定主意反潮流,来到圣弗朗西斯科湾定居。(将蛤类等海生动物拟人化)
(2)In the chilly month of November, most U.S production areas don.t harvest fruit. But a team of University of Florida scientists is trying to help growers in Northern Florida produce a crop by tricking strawberry plants into thinking it.s springtime.
译文:寒风凛洌的11月对美国大多数水果产地来说不是收获季节,佛罗里达大学的一个研究小组却正在尝试让佛罗里达北部果农在这时候也有收成)))方法是对草莓进行欺骗,让它们觉得春天已经来临了。(赋予草莓以生命)[4](p139)
以上两种译文使用了拟人化的语言,拟人赋予各事物以人的特征、思想或活动,或带上人的属性,形象解释科技知识,使内涵化虚为实,格调轻松,明朗自然。这样使得译文明确爽洁,直截了当,产生异曲同工之妙,也增加其审美想象力。
3、练达美
科技英语中有一个重要的句法现象,那就是名词化(nominalization)结构的广泛运用,名词化使句子变为名词短语。这种转换在科技英语中有两大作用:一是可以较少使用人称主语,从而表达生动形象的功能,突出科技英语简约之美感。体现科技概念的客观性;二是可以避免结构臃肿。[6](P274)如:
由于光学纤维频带较宽,损耗较低,光源更为可靠,因此在这一角度、多层次的,并以此来推动翻译质量向更精、更准、更雅的方向领域会更具有竞争力。
译文:Larger fiber bandwidth, lower loss and more reliable optical sources would make optical fibers more competitive in this field.
从汉语句子结构上看,整个句子是由四个短句组成的因果关系的复句,但是我们在翻译成英语时,为了简化句子结构,可将因果关系在译文中以另一种形式)))名词化形式表现出来,使译文既地道,又能表现出科技英语简约之美感。{关于科技的英语文章}.
另外,非人称名词主语在科技英语中的广泛应用也是为了达到一种简约美的效果,这里非人称名词指无生命的物质名词。我们知道,名词大体分为两大类,一类是人称名词,一类是物质名词。日常口语中,我们较多地使用人称名词来表明自己的主观愿望,但在书面语中,尤其是在 科技文体中,我们强调客观性和准确性,人称名词使用不及口语中多,被动语态的使用和名词化结构就是很好的例证。非人称名词作主语主要有两种修辞功能,一是简化句子结构,以简洁的形式表达各种逻辑关系,而且可以将表示逻辑关系的种种明显的词语标记省去。用来预防结构强度可能发生的变化。二是使句子形象生动。如:如果我们测得地震波的走时和振幅,我
们就能够确定地下的几何形状并估算与岩石速度和密度有关的声阻抗。
原译:If we measure the seismic travel time and amplitude, we can define the subsurface geometry and give estimates of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.
改译:Seismic measurements of travel time and amplitude define the subsurface geometry and give estimates of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.
从语法结构来说,以上原译可谓无可挑剔,似乎也很合符汉语原义,但不难看出,改译后的句子用非人称名词做主语,用一个简单句来代替条件关系的复句,其简洁效果是显而易见的。又如: 电子计算机之所以效率高,是由于其运算速度快,而且计算准确。
译文:The effectiveness of the electronic computer lies in its great speed and accuracy in calculation.
既使我们将普通食盐溶入水,也不能改变其化学性质。
译文: Even the dissolution in water cannot enable common salt to change its chemical properties. 123第1期赵永刚 论科技翻译中遣词造句的方法及美学追求破格。从整体来看,俚语性质的/long haul0和法律专业形容词irreversible出现在同一句中,行文活泼,文采丰富。
二、科技文章造句的美学追求
科技文章的造句也讲究文采,细细品味科技文章,主要体现了三种美,即/逻辑美、人性美、练达美0。如果读者,译者能体验到这些美,那么无论是阅读还是翻译,都会提升到一种美的境界。
[3](P81-84)以下是对这三种/美0依次作一分析。
1、逻辑美
科技英语最具特色的美就是逻辑美,因为科技英语是表达科技事实、概念、原理的,和解释自然现象的,因此逻辑缜密,推导合理,无懈可击。如下面一段关于石油成因的论述,推导严密,一环扣一环,丝丝入扣,极具说服力和逻辑美。[4](P16)如:
There are cases of oil accumulations in small sandstone lenses enclosed by clays, and for these it is difficult to visualize much movement of the oil; it must have been formed in the sandstone or in the adjacent clays. If it was formed in the sandstone, it must have been formed after the sandstone was covered by clay, otherwise it might have escaped. If it was formed in the clay below the sandstone, its passage to the sandstone must have been delayed until the sandstone had its clay cover, or again it might have escaped.
译文:有一些例证表明,石油聚积在被黏土封闭的不大的透镜形沙岩矿体内。在这种情况下很难设想石油会有很大的流动,它一定是在沙岩内或是附近的黏土内生成的。如果石油是在沙岩内生成,那么它一定是在沙岩被黏土覆盖后才生成的,否则它就会流失掉;如果石油是在沙岩下面的黏土内生成的,那么在沙岩为黏土覆盖之前,石油与沙岩之间必须是隔绝的,否则石油也会流失掉。在科技英语中,有时一些简单句也包含了一种逻辑关系,如:
The strongest spring leads to fatigue caused by excessive high stress.{关于科技的英语文章}.
这个简单句包含了两重逻辑关系: the strongest spring leads to…实际上是even the strongest spring leads to…暗含了一种让步关系,后面的caused by…表示一种因果关系,据此应该译为:即使是强度最大的弹簧,在压力过大的情况下,也会疲劳。下面这个句子更是表达了多重的复杂关系。
The harder the rock, so much the more difficult is the work of drilling, though few types are sufficiently hard to be allowed to remain after blasting without a lining of masonry or concrete. 译文:岩石越坚硬,钻孔就越困难。尽管如此,很少有哪种类型的岩石在爆破后还具有足够的硬度,而不再需要用石块或混凝土衬砌了。这个句子表示了多重的逻辑关系。前面的the har-
der…,the more…表示比较关系;后面的though…表示让步关系,最后的sufficiently hard to be…则表示程度关系。这种融合多种逻辑关系的句子,浑然一体,体现了一种逻辑美。
Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is aloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to heat treatment processes.
译文:虽然铝的强度不及钢,但是当铝与少量的钢、锰和镁制成合金,并经过热处理后,其强度可以接近钢。英语原句的主干很短:Aluminum,can be given a strength approaching that of steel.除了句子的主干,句子含有两个从句:一是省略型的让步从句:though (it is)much less strong than steel,二是省略型的条件从句:,when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and (it is) subjected to heat treatment processes两个状语从句,一前一后,不仅令结构匀称,而且层次递进,逻辑严密。特别值得一提的是,原句出现的一个代词that,代的就是前面出现过的名词the strength.反观汉语译文,就没有将这个代词that译出。
通过对以上几个例子的分析,译者在翻译科技文体时,应该理顺句子的复杂关系,尤其是句子的复杂的逻辑关系,从而准确的体现出原文句子的逻辑美。
2、人性美
如前所述,科技文章少用人称主语,而多用非人称主语。这种现象是由科技文章的本质决定的,科技文章非
/以人为本0之作,无须生动描写,没有慷慨抒情,只求客观
记录和理性分析。科技文章多为非人称主语,又演绎出一
个新问题,那就是为数不多的非人称主语后接的动词,不
是一般非人称主语(inanimate subject)所常用的谓语动
词,而是为人称主语(animate subject)所使用的动词。这
些动词系表示感觉、意识、情感或动作之类的动词,于是,
便出现了/非人称主语+人称主语使用的动词谓语0的奇
特现象。我们通常称如此构成的句式为/无人称主谓句0{关于科技的英语文章}.
( Impersonal Subject Sentence/Inanimate Subject Sen-
tence),通常折射一定生命内涵或生命意义的动词被/挪
用0到不具生命意义的主语(inanimate subject)之后,其
搭配可谓奇巧,其表意可谓新颖,折射生命内涵和生命意
义的动词的使用,自然而然地给全句渲染上一层拟人化
(personification)的修辞色彩,让读者耳目一新。[5](P82)
而在以后的生活中,社会对男性施加了压力,促使他
们参与竞争。辛勤劳作,争取胜利;这也影响了男性的生
存率。影响男性死亡率的另一个问题是男性所分泌的激
素,这一激素能加快大多数身体组织的新陈代谢速度,使
他们加速衰亡。试比较:
(1) Later on in life the society puts strain on the man
下面再看一个例子:{关于科技的英语文章}.
十五年前,电子战在朝鲜战争中偶有应用。
译文:Fifteen years ago, electronic warfare saw only
sparse service in Korea.
该句翻译时采用非人称名词后直接跟动词的译法,突
出反映了其表达生动形象的功能,突出科技英语简约之美
感。另如:
Some kinds of plastics can be forced through ma-
chines which separate them into long ,thin strings, called /fibers0, and these fibers can be made into cloth.
译文:有些塑料可以通过机器将它们制成又细又长的 线,这种被称为/纤维0的线可织布。
此句中的两个被动结构的使用使全句上下贯通,表达 紧凑。这种表达的成熟,语势的流畅及上下文的贯通,皆 应归入练达美之范畴。
总之,翻译美学是一门博大精深的学问,对它的研究
应该是宽口径、多角度、多层次的,并以此来推动翻译质量 向更精、更准、更雅的方向发展。科技翻译中的美不是奔 涌的文思,华丽的词藻,跌宕起伏的情节,幽默诙谐的语言 和多变的修辞手段,而是体现在准确地使用科技术语,仔 细地辨析选定词义,流畅熟练地运用科技句法,缜密合理 地衔接篇章,使科技文体在翻译中得以充分的体 现。[7](P138-140)
4、结论
人们普遍认为科技英语用词准确、语义单一、句子结 构严谨,的确科技英语的语言表现形式不如文学语言那么 富于美的感染力,那么丰富多彩,但这并非说明科技英语 没有任何审美价值。事实上,科技英语大量使用修辞手 段,在措词、句法、篇章等方面不乏美的表现。科技文章之 行文并非一定要/一本正经0,并非一定要严肃有余而活泼 不足。科技文章的遣词可以生动形象,英语科技文章的造 句也是充满美感,这些直接影响了科技文章的翻译。当 然,最近几年,有些学者把美学与翻译结合起来,对翻译中 诸多的美学问题进行了一定研究,但是对于科技翻译中的 美学却很少问津。因此,对科技英语翻译展开美学探讨是 很有必要的,也是具有理论和实际意义的。只有这样不断 的探索科技翻译的遣词造句,以及其语篇结构[8](P64-67), 才能译出行文流畅,文笔优美的文章,而且满足了/信0、 /达0、/雅0等翻译原则。
参考文献
[1] Newmark, P.A textbook of Translation [M].Eng- land: Pergamon Press Ltd, 1981.
篇七:《一篇关于it的英语科技文章》{关于科技的英语文章}.
一篇关于it的英语科技文章
Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development,
implementation, support or management of computer-based information
systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.
Today, the term information has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term has become very recognizable. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management,
networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems. Information technology is starting to spread farther than the conventional personal computer and network technology, and more into integrations of other
technologies such as the use of cell phones, televisions, automobiles, and more, which is increasing the demand for such jobs.
When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "info-tech". Information technology is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information
篇八:《科技英语作文》
我们今天处在科技发展日新月异的信息时代，90% 的科技文献是用英语写成．科技英语文献与普通英语文本从语言结构上看都是由语音、词汇和语法构成，但随着其运用的规范性，科技英语在文体风格上的专业性、客观性和精确性越来越突出，已成为一门独立的文体，它非常注重语义逻辑上的连贯性和表达的明晰性．在翻译过程中应结合科技英语的文体特征力求表达科技英语的专业性客观性和精确性．
1 词汇特点及翻译
科技词汇在科技英语中大量使用，主要包括以下几类:
( 1) 纯科技词汇，即那些只用于某个专业或学科的专门词汇和术语，如 diode( 二极管) 、isotope( 同位素) 等．由于此类词义精确而狭窄，了解专门词汇和术语是准确翻译的第一步; ( 2) 常用词汇的专业化．有相当多的专门词汇和术语来自英语的常用词汇，但用到某一专业领域却成了专业技术用语，具有严格的科学含义，如Convert the following denary numbers base 8． ( 把下列各十进制换算成以 8 为基值的数) ，base( 基地)意为基值．新兴科学在传统科学的影响下，尽量利用常用旧词，赋新义于旧词;
( 3) 通用科技词汇，即不同专业经常使用的那些词汇，数量较大，出现的频率也高，但在不同的专业里有较为稳定的词义．如 base 一词，在无线电专业词义为“基极”; 在计算机专业词义为“基值”; 在机械专业词义为“机器的底座”在航天科技领域词义为“发射场”; ( 4) 词汇构成的多元化．新的科技词语层出不穷，大量科技新词以借用、合成法、缩略法和派生词等形式出现．以派生词为例，由前缀 hydro －，hyer－和 inter －构成的词条在科技英语中就有 2000 多条．科技文献翻译需要译者既要精通英语，又要懂得专业知识，由于科技英语词汇的复杂多变，科技英语译者要善于通过词汇的专业语境、词语搭配、句法结构及上下文判定词义．以词语搭配为例，动词与名词的搭配，形容词与名词修饰名词在意义上很不相同，如 an efficient exert 和 an efficiency ex-ert分别意为“一个做事高效的专家”和“一个效率专家”．
2 句法特点及翻译
从句子的形式和结构上看，科技英语的主要特征表现为无灵名词作主语的句子居多，被动语态的．无灵名词作主语和被动语态的广泛应用显示出科技英语的客观性和规范性，科技英语的句法极度注重句子结构形式的完整性和形式逻辑的合理性，所以语法结构复杂的长句较多应用于科技英语，抓住复杂句的核心，也就是辨清主谓，确定句子的基本格局，才能把握全句
2． 1 无灵名词作主语
英语把表示有生命体的名词列为有灵名词( animate nouns) ，把表示无生命体的名词列为无灵名词( inanimate nouns) ．科技文体的第 1 个显着特点是无灵名词作主语的句子很多，这主要是因为科技文献所描述和讨论的是科技事实或科学发现，科技文献所报告的主要是自然的规律或科技活动的成果，因而无人称句子使用频繁．有灵名词和无灵名词作主语的句子使用相同谓语时，意义是不一样的，试比较下列句子的意义: Thegrinding machine refused to stop．磨床就是停不下来． ( 无灵名词作主语) They refuse to give u．他们拒绝放弃．
2． 2 被动语态的广泛应用根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动语态．这是因为根据文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确．第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象，因而被动语态就成了追求叙述客观性和规范性的一种重要语言手段．例如: E-lectrical energy can be stored in two metal batteriesseparated by an insulating medium． Such a device iscalled a capacitor，and its ability to store electrical en-ergy is termed capacitance． It is measured in farads．这段短文中各句的主语分别为: Electrical energy;
Such a device; its ability to store electrical energy; It( Capacitance) ．它们都包含了较多的信息，并且处于句首的位置，非常醒目．此外，4 个主语完全不同，避免了单调重复，前后连贯，
自然流畅．被动结构确实表达简洁客观的效果．事实上，英语被动语句中常用的 by 在日常英语中多表达行为的执行者，在科技英语中，则常可表达方式、手段或原因状语．
2． 3 使用科技长句的倾向科技英语表达科学原理、规律、概念以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而复杂的科学思维往往无法使用简单句来表达，所以语法结构复杂的长句较多应用于科技英语．了解英语长句的“树状”结构，明确主句的主语、谓语和宾语及从句和修饰成分的引导词，分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系，再按照汉语的特点和表达方式，正确地译出原文的意思，不必拘泥于原文的形式．例如: Behaviorists suggest that the child who is
raised in an environment where there are many stimuliwhich develop his or her capacity for appropriate re-sponses will experience greater intellectual development．行为主义者认为，如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，如果这些因素能培养其适当反应的能力，那么，儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平．本句的主语为“behaviorists”，谓语是动词“suggest”，宾语是一个宾语从句，由连词“that”引导．该宾语从句中，主语部分是“the child．．．re- sponses”，其中“the child”是主语，其后面跟有 3 个限制性定语从句 : 第 1 个是由关系代词“who”引导; 第 2 个是由关系副词“where”引导; 第 3 个是由关系代词“which”引导．本句翻译的难点在把“which”引导的定语从句译为状语从句，把动词短语“experience greater intellectual development”，译为“智力发展到较高的水平”，更符合汉语表达．英语的句子结构和叙述方式与汉语不同，在阅读英语长句时容易造成思维阻断，遇到长句时以句 法和逻辑为导向，采用抓句子核心的理解方式是切实可行的．科技英语在其演变和发展过程中逐渐形成自身特有的体裁或文体风格，汉英科技英语翻译应忠实原义、逻辑正确、语言通顺，在实践中应遵循深刻理解原义，确切表达合乎科技文章的语言结构特色的译文的原则．科技英语翻译工作者除了要有良好的专业知识外，了解科技英语与普通英语文体的差异，掌握一些科技文章的语言结构特色，对于科技翻译无疑是大有裨益的．