【 – 初中作文】
第一篇:《作文命题》
作文命题的正导向性与作文教学的发展趋向
丹东市教师进修学院初中部 齐景升
考试的作文命题一直是社会关注热点，若我们追踪本市和全国中考作文的命题形式，体味其内含的教育教学价值，就能敏于发现语文教育存在一些问题并努力进行脱变，要在作文教学这一领域积极体现语文教育的育人价值，培养学生良好的语文素养。
强调育人，也就是要引导学生成长为“关心、服务和领导未来社会”的人才。教育人才的价值必须要经过社会认定，学生在“作文”这一学习形式中可以观察社会、感受社会、认知社会，并用积极的态度、健康的情感、深刻的思想和深厚的见识，参与社会活动，发挥文化传承和创新的作用。
作文的内在力作用于学生个人，而外在力服务于社会。作文应该是生活图景的曲折反映，要在作文写作的实践活动中引导学生塑造自我并关注、服务和领导未来社会，明晰社会的主流价值和发展倾向，对于重大社会关注有自己的思考和认识。
这种作文教学的基本价值追求已经在悄然改变我们的作文命题。作文命题应该发挥教学的正导向性。
一、作文命题中体现出教师做积极教学转变的倾向
我们从三个视角来对作文命题进行审读：一是全国2010年的中考命题特点，二是国际上其他国家作文的命题形式与价值倾向；
（一）2010年全国中考作文命题视角中的作文教学价值 如图表：
几个特点：
1.以半命题作文为主要形式，兼有命题作文和话题作文。命题和半命题，多见句子和偏正短语表现形式，可见限定性增加。各地中考命题人都希望在开放性与限定性的适合度上寻找切合点。
2.作文的内倾特征明显，多以学生生活范围和个人视角所见为写作的素材和题材，写作的个性化受到尊重。注重引导学生认识自我，调整自我行为和他人、社会的关系，强调建立人与环境的和谐，培养学生健全、健康的人格。但是，因为作文题材收到“小我”生活的约束，视角比较狭隘，思想性和开阔度都受到了较多限制。作文对于社会生活的关注度和参与度都不高，情感的因素对于作文的品质影响受到重视，而其他如丰厚的学识、丰富的见识，独到的思考、文化的传承与创新等因素对于作文的影响不容易显现出来。
3.这些命题都建立在叙事的基础上，容易写成记叙类文章，而事件和任务描画和叙述中，表达者思想相对薄弱，理性思考不足。而因为受到题材偏狭的桎梏，也不容易反映新鲜的活泼的生活，会导致作文中大家说统一的话。
4.作文的命题内容定位在比较狭小的领域，主流价值也比较明显，较少包容多种认识的可能，不能促进学生形成个性化的思考。这种命题思维局限于我要你写作文，而不是从生活中表达的需要出发，用情境任务驱动写作，因此，一些命题显得陈旧而乏味。若不改变我们的命题思维，今后作文的命题依然无法走出困境，增加新鲜的感觉。
5.一些地区的命题，尤其一些命题覆盖范围较广，命题教师非常注重发挥作文的引导作用，力求形成作文的积极导向价值，诸如：避免宿构和抄袭，鼓励临场作文，引导学生注重平时的作文训练；引领学生进行生活观察和阅
读拓展，在充分占有资源和信息的基础上，形成作文；引导学生进行问题的探究和启动积极的思考，增加作文的思辨性。值得一提的是上海的文题：《黑板上的记忆》。增加“黑板上”作为“记忆”一词的限定，把作文的观察视角聚焦于教室和黑板，位置比较固定，故事发生的范围比较狭小，文章的限定性很强。据反映，这篇作文多是学生在考场所做，有效避免了宿构和抄袭。
（二）国外作文命题的形态特征和基本价值追求 如下图表：
第二篇:《英语作文与翻译》
Directions: Write a composition entitled On Disasters. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:
1. 人的一生中，可能会遇到一些灾难事件，给我们的生活带来意外的打击。
2. 面对灾难，我们应该坚强，不要过于沉湎于悲痛，要积极面对人生。
3. 我的看法。
【范文】
On Disasters
An old saying goes: Life is full of roses and thorns. As we all know, one’s life is full of unexpected events, some of which are wonderful and some of which are disastrous. Those heavy blows, such as, floods, snowstorms, and earthquakes, threaten to weigh one down.
However, it’s even worse if one can’t drag himself out of the grief in that mental break-down is more serious than the disaster itself. Instead of indulging oneself in sadness, one should take positive attitude towards life and contribute to the reconstruction of his or her life and hometown.
As for me, if I am lucky enough to survive in a disaster, I will try my best to help those who are suffering by donation blood or money. If I am a victim, I will endeavor to recover from the sadness as soon as possible and be certain to be strong and supportive to the recovery work.
【词汇表达亮点】
unexpected adj. 想不到的；意外的；突如其来的
disastrous adj. 灾害的；灾难性的，悲惨的
weigh one down 打垮某人
drag out 拖延，从…走出来
grief n. 悲痛；悲伤
Indulging in 沉溺于，纵情于，享受于
contribute to 有助于，促进，加剧
survive v. 幸免于，幸存，生还
endeavor to 努力，尽力
英语四级作文题目：{全球暖化,作文}.
"Nowadays People Are Selfish and Greedy. "Do You Agree or Disagree with This Point of View?
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “"Nowadays People Are Selfish and Greedy. "Do You Agree or Disagree with This Point of View?”. You may cite some examples to support your view. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
英语四级作文范文：
There is no doubt that some people are selfish and greedy. For example, some
merchants sell their fake commodities at the market place for more profit. They are rich and want to be richer. There are also government officials who sell people's trust. Senior officials who take bribes by selling the power in their hands are not a few. Those people believe in the precept "Everyone for himself and the devil take the hind most."
However, the majority of people are neither selfish nor greedy. They contribute much and ask for little. Countless examples can be found around us, the PLA soldiers who sacrificed themselves for saving people's lives in fighting the disastrous floods and the warriors in white who risked their lives to save SARS victims being two of the most typical contrast to the selfish and corrupt official they are heroes, who set up glorious images for us.
The idea that nowadays people are selfish and greedy is probably attributed to the influence of the mass media which tend to over exaggerate the negative aspects of life. Many newspapers, particularly many local evening papers, and TV films play up nastiness by reporting and showing too much about violence and sex. A lot of books, too, portray selfishness and greed to seek sensational effect and economic profit. I wonder whether they are selfish and greedy, too?
树立目标
1. 树立目标很重要
2. 原因是……
3. 如何设立和达到目标
范文：
The Importance of Goal
There is no denying that setting a goal is very important. We find that successful people are always those having and achieving their goals. They set goals, short-term or long-run, to help realize their visions.
Why is goal-setting important? By setting goals you are taking control of the tempo of your life. It is having a map to guide you to where you want to head for. With a clear direction, and with certain plans, you will straightly get what you want. On the contrary, without a goal ,you will live a wandering life. You do not know where to go, what you want and why you are listless. Then your life becomes dull and meaningles just like the dead water in a muddy lake.
From my point of view, goals are not difficult to set and realize. First, you should make clear what you really want, which constitutes your goals. Then you make detailed plans and follow the through, as many winners do.
How to Enhance the Sense of Happiness
1.人们对于如何提升幸福感有不同看法
2. 幸福感提升不仅包含物质层面，也指……
参考范文：
The sense of happiness is of great significance. As a vital factor of life, it brings us power, arouses our enthusiasm for loving life, and helps us to create a promising future. However, in contemporary China, it has become a trend for Chinese people to hold different views about happiness and the way to enhance it.
In addition to material basis, the sense of happiness also refers to several others aspects. Firstly, based on a recent survey, a majority of individuals admit that they are no longer content with being fed and clothed adequately, and their happiness depends more on their success in careers, friendship and love. Secondly, a great many people claim that health is the key to their sense of happiness. It is health that enables them to build up a solid foundation for anything significant.
As a college student, I am convinced that never can money equal happiness. To enhance our sense of happiness, we should educate, advocate and encourage our friends and classmates to enrich their knowledge, broaden their horizon and cultivate their ability.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic A Letter of Appeal. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below:
在过去几年中，我们已经目睹了人类活动引起的各种灾害。作为一位大学生，请写一封倡议书，呼吁大家 关注这些自然灾害并保护环境，内容应包括：
1）举出人类活动引发的灾害的实例
2）指出一些必要的防范措施
3）号召大家行动起来拯救地球
【思路点拨】本题要求写一封倡议书。根据所给提纲，本文应包含以下内容：点明写信的目的:呼吁大家关注人类活动对地球造成的危害，陈述灾害的具体表现；为了拯救地球,我们应当采取哪些措施；号召大家行动起来拯救地球。 June 17, 2011
Dear friends,
I am writing this letter to call on everyone to pay attention to the present disasters caused by human activities. As some of you may know, over the past years, floods, droughts, landslides, and dust storms have frequented our planet. Not long ago, tsunami swept the Southeast Asia, which caused enormous damage. All these have sounded an alarm to human beings. So it is high time that we join efforts to save our planet.
Above all, a task of top priority for us is to plant trees as many as possible, especially in the arid areas. At the same time, we should stop deforesting in large amount. And we can save our planet through many other ways, such as saving water and using recycled paper.
So don’t hesitate to act out these measures. Even a small action is meaningful to our planet. Please join us in the action of protecting our planet. If you are willing to
do something to save our planet, please start from the little thing right around you. Thank you!
Sincerely yours,
Low-carbon Lifestyle
1.目前低碳生活成为一种流行
2.低碳生活指的是……
3.作为大学生我应该怎么做
【精彩范文】
With the advent of the global environmental protection campaign, “low-carbon” has become an increasingly popular expression, a catch phrase, among the environmentally-conscious people. White-collar workers pride themselves on going to offices on bicycles, on foot, or even on roller skates instead of being “the men behind the wheel”. Housewives save water after washing vegetables or clothes for flushing the toilet. Everybody seems to be an environmental activist nowadays.
By “low-carbon lifestyle”, we refer to a pattern of life involving minimum emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), the most important greenhouse gas produced by human activities, primarily through the combustion of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide is detrimental to human, animal and plant life because it is the primary contributor to global warming that threatens to raise the sea level, leading to the extinction of animals and plants, and ultimately to that of human beings. There is only one Mother Earth for human beings and, literally speaking, preserving the Earth means preserving humanity itself.
The pursuit of a low-carbon lifestyle seems to be a vogue to many people but, in essence, it is a long-term necessity. As college students, there are many ways we can become involved in low-carbon endeavors. We can conserve water, recycle our textbooks, and turn off lights on leaving our classrooms. We can resort to public transportations like buses and subways instead of taxis or private cars. Most importantly, we should reduce the use of computers by rejecting meaningless computer games. Even as students, we have a whole range of channels to pursue a low-carbon lifestyle that is beneficial to ourselves and to humanity as a whole.
【值得熟记的句式与短语】
1. with the advent of sth.:随着某物的出现
2. a catch phrase:口头禅
3. pride oneself on doing sth:对于做某事倍感骄傲
4. the men behind the wheel:呆坐在驾驶舵后面的有车一族{全球暖化,作文}.
5. is detrimental to…: 对……有害的
6. it is the primary contributor to global warming:它是全球暖化的主要推手
7. in essence: 本质而言
8. a long-term necessity: 一项长期的必然
9. resort to: 依靠
10. a whole range of channels: 一系列广泛的渠道 11. is beneficial to…:对……有益的
More Communication in English Class 1.人们越来越提倡在英语课堂中有更多的交流
2.通过交流，教师与学生都能从中获益
3.我的观点
【精彩范文】
As a language, English is essentially a vehicle for communication. Communication as a function has become so important in English teaching methodology that a distinctive school of English teaching has been created—the Communicative Approach. This fully testifies to the growing importance of communication in English learning and acquisition.
Unfortunately, in Chinese universities, English classes, like many other classes, are primarily teacher-dominated. For a long time, both students and instructors have seemed contented with discussing grammar and understanding passages through reading, overlooking the oral communication which is much more essential. However, communication is a bridge leading to closer student-teacher interaction. Students should overcome their diffidence and nervousness ensuing from their grammatical deficiencies. They should simply become more concerned with expressing themselves than seeking grammatical accuracy. As they become more outspoken and expressive, they would automatically become more grammatically competent.
The emphasis on communication in English classes will result in many obvious advantages. English will become an instrument of expressing thoughts for the person who speaks it, instead of a tool just for reading about the thoughts of others. In addition, teachers can have positive and timely feedback from students through communication. Finally, by honing their communicative skills, Chinese students will become more competent in interacting with their international counterparts in this age of globalization. I believe those factors are what English learning is all about for Chinese students.
【值得熟记的句式与短语】
1. English is essentially a vehicle for communication英语本质上是一种交流工具
2. English teaching methodology英语教学方法
3. a distinctive school of English teaching一种独特的英语教学流派
4.Communicative Approach交际法
5.This fully testifies to这充分证明了……，这充分表明了……
6. English learning and acquisition英语学习与英语习得{全球暖化,作文}.
7. are primarily teacher-dominated主要由教师所主导
8. For a long time长期以来
9. be contended with满足于
第三篇:《《难以忽视的真相》读后感》
学院：
班级：
学号：
姓名 《难以忽视的真相》观后感
看完《难以忽视的观后感》，我心情沉重，真的有种破坏地球的愧疚感，一阵皱眉深思过后，取而代之的是捍卫地球的使命感和爱护环境的满腔热情。
戈尔先生通过大量制作精美的图表、数据、曲线、动画片、多媒体甚至漫画来给我们上了一堂沉重的环境教育课。一个幽默、锐智并且坚持不懈的人，煞费苦心在美国乃至世界各地演讲，看过这部影片的人一定也能理解戈尔先生的良苦用心吧！
为什么蹙目呢?气候反常、海平面上升、土地干旱、地球上病虫害增加、飓风、海啸、灾难频繁"全球变暖的种种危害是不容忽视的。多少曾经美丽动人的湖泊已经干涸，多少北极熊和企鹅因为冰山融化而死去，飓风、海啸等灾难越来越频繁地发生，损失的生命和金钱数目越来越大，越来越让人难以接受。
如果人们仍旧不关心我们唯一的生存之地—地球，那样的话50年后，70年后，我们的子孙后代怎么办呢?所以，从现在开始，就在此时此刻起，从自身做起，爱护我们的地球吧！
少用电、少用火，不吸烟、不浪费食物，不乱扔垃圾，爱护花草树木，做些宣传环保知识，平时出行尽量步行或骑自行车。这些都是生活中我们力所能及的小事，从自身做起，进而影响身边的人。以戈尔先生为榜样，好好爱护我们生存的这个大家庭，如果没有了它，我们明天怎么过呢?记住！家园只有一个，地球不能克隆！
当然，没有200年来科技发展的变迁，人类是不会看到和研究出以前的6次变暖的事实，即使有，人类也不懂。在不懂的情况下，假
如，地球发生对人类危险的事情，那就和200年前的人类一样，只能是祈求上帝的保佑，或者等待和迎接人类世界的毁灭。那时，或许人类的DNA会融于海水或者是冰中，等待下一个冰河期过去之后，开始融化，一步一步地进化，陆续繁衍出新的类人类物种，经过千百万年的演变，逐渐过渡到第8次地球变暖的时候，也许那时，类人类会有更高的智慧和科技，最终能够抓住挽救自己命运的机会，首次对地球的演变规律进行挑战，并取得成功，Maybe，就是他们类人类。 如果上述的假设成立，都要说明一件事情，一种可能，那就是为什么人类在短短的几十年间开窍了？理解了世界升温，地球变暖，对大自然的影响，越来越变